b. benevolent sexism. He decides not to rent his house to the first applicant simply because he is Arab American and rents it to the second applicant, who is white. a. Donald Trump is the least racist president ever. A common strategy for gaining compliance used by car salespeople is the door-in-the-face technique. Just as we categorize objects into different types, so we categorize people according to their social group memberships. . d. Neighborhood segregation remains especially high in metropolitan areas. See Page 1. Reggie and his family are well off financially. a. Interestingly, and suggesting that categorization is occurring all the time, the instructions that the participants had been given made absolutely no difference. c. The media tend to portray Latinas in low-status occupations. Which of the following statements concerning social categorization is CORRECT? c. hostile sexism. Schaller, M., & Conway, G. (1999). Do you think the cultural stereotypes about your group have ever influenced your performance on a task. The belief that male behaviors, roles, and experiences are the standards for society is known as Selected Answer: Social categorization And self-fulfilling prophecies are ubiquitouseven teachers expectations about their students academic abilities can influence the students school performance (Jussim, Robustelli, & Cain, 2009). This is of course another example of the general principle of assimilationwe tend to perceive the world in ways that make it fit our existing beliefs more easily than we change our beliefs to fit the reality around us. Social psychology is the scientific study of how a person's behavior, thoughts, and feelings are influenced by _______. d. Black women under age 35, Compared to 30 years ago, modern children's school textbooks: b. 1 We attribute most of what people do to the influence of situations. Which factor is LEAST likely to explain IQ differences between Blacks and whites? b. There are clear-cut physical differences between races. In the next section we will consider two of these approachesthe bogus pipeline procedure and the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Thinking about others in terms of their group memberships is known as social categorizationthe natural cognitive process by which we place individuals into social groups. If you are like most people, you will have a strong desire to categorize this person as either male or female. c. the same type of animals were depicted on the girl cards and the boy cards. c. A federal judge concluded that gender-based stereotyping had played a role in Price New York, NY: Guilford Press. In short, stereotypes and prejudice are powerful largely because they are important social norms that are part of our culture (Guimond, 2000). In these situations, there is a discrepancy between our positive concept of our skills and abilities and the negative stereotypes suggesting poor performance. Stereotyping and prejudice begin from social categorizationthe natural cognitive process by which we place individuals into social groups. Which of the following statements about categorization is most correct? Steele and Aronson argued that thinking about negative stereotypes that are relevant to a task that one is performing creates stereotype threatperformance decrements that are caused by the knowledge of cultural stereotypes. d. pluralism. Teacher expectations and self-fulfilling prophecies. d. Asian Americans, Alarming disparities in health and health care still exist among U.S. racial and ethnic groups. b. True According to Aristotle, an argument satisfies three conditions, and "is based on certain statements made in such a way as necessarily to cause the assertion of things other than those statements . Without power, the fish in the fish tanks at each store will die. Social traps do not benefit groups sharing the same interest because two groups focused on fulfilling their own best interest without acknowledging the actions of the other group involved often leads to neither group benefiting. One indirect approach to assessing prejudice is called the bogus pipeline procedure (Jones & Sigall, 1971). (B) Policy dividends affect the cost of virtually all insurance policies issued today. b. Martin Luther King Jr. (1995). c. spotlighting To get around this problem, social psychologists make use of a number of techniques that help them measure these beliefs more subtly and indirectly. Shortening the project by assigning more resources to one or more of the critical tasks is called "project crashing." 3 Two tennis players become good friends. d. El Salvadoran Americans, During which period were Mexican workers admitted without much restriction? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 4855. a. Northwestern Europe. Which component of attitude is being affected? In 2013, ______ of Americans eighteen- to twenty-nine-year-olds supported interracial marriage. (Eds.). Psychological Science, 16(3), 175179. b. Well-meaning comments are never insulting. In apartheid-era South Africa, laws forced Blacks to live separately from whites and forbade sexual relations between races. Experiments in intergroup discrimination. Trope, Y., & Thompson, E. (1997). c. have increased use of sexual imagery in recent years. b. (1994). Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 2924. EPCA also requires the U.S. Department of Energy (``DOE'') to. (2006). (2004). Why do U.S. taxpayers lose because of North Korea's counterfeiting? underrepresented in the media. b. Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (2006). According to the U.S. Census, are people with origins in the Middle East and North Africa white? Lee, Y. T., Jussim, L. J., & McCauley, C. R. (1995). c. 41 percent What term would be used to characterize her argument? This finding is most consistent with: b. c. wicked Notably, the image in Figure 1 is also a stock photo supplied by one of the world's largest commercial image banks, Getty Images.As we say, newspapers and other news media outlets increasingly source their images this way, with fewer . William Julius Wilson has argued that for the United States to bridge the Black-white gap in inequality, the federal government would need to Use the following information to determine its net cash provided or used by operating activities. Stereotypes are frequently expressed on TV, in movies, and in chat rooms and blogs, and we learn a lot of our beliefs from these sources. A. social inequality c. People assume that individuals in the same category share traits with one another. d. institutional racism. a. When speeding charges are made, Blacks fare much worse when citations are issued on the basis of the officer's visual assessment rather than radar or laser. a. unfriendly The social group viewed as the one with which a person identifies is called a(n) ________. c. The New York Times now publishes announcements of same-sex weddings and commitment which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? In the climate of great uncertainty characterizing the COVID-19 pandemic, health communication played a significant role: several communicative strategies and channels were used to inform, educate and alert. b. unintelligent b. backlash effect d. a and b, A study of popular films found that older women , compared to older men, were portrayed as Explain why social traps do not benefit groups sharing the same interest. School Liberty University - Lynchburg, VA. In most cultures, men are more likely to be in higher-status occupations, such as doctors and lawyers, whereas women are more likely to play the role of homemakers and child-care workers. a. c. hostile; modern Black drivers are more than twice as likely as white drivers to be searched during a vehicle stop (even after controlling for variables such as the reason the car was stopped), but they are found in possession of contraband 26 percent less often than white drivers. . d. had qualities of behavior or temperament that were innate and could not be altered. d. all of the above, Social Psychology-Chapter 7 (Conceptual/Appli. Dwayne Bias against people because of their disabilities is known as: d. often understand it as a compliment, since it is often meant as a compliment. In addition to learning less about them because we see and interact with them less, we routinely categorize outgroup members, thus making them appear more cognitively similar (Haslam, Oakes, & Turner, 1996). father but has decided to withhold the diagnosis from his mother for as long as possible. c. Sports announcers highlight female athletes' femininity and minimize their athletic ability. Greenberg, J., Martens, A., Jonas, E., Eisenstadt, D., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (2003). Children of Japanese immigrants were unable to learn English, putting them at an educational disadvantage. b. Americans a. c. male as normative. The result? d. all of the above. Polarized appraisals of out-group members. Which of the following statements is true? Between 1915 and 1923, more than a million Armenians were killed by the Ottoman Turkish government. 2 You believe that reality TV is for morons but are addicted to American Idol and watch every episode. Indeed, social categorization occurs so quickly that people may have difficulty not thinking about others in terms of their group memberships (see Figure 12.3). What is a characteristic of white privilege? 3 We are more likely to attribute another's behavior to internal rather than to situational causes. During training, he strived to improve his time by racing against a set time on the clock. Fyock, J., & Stangor, C. (1994). Stereotype threat is not, however, absolutewe can get past it if we try. d. Elijah Anderson. Calibrating prejudice in milliseconds. a. boys and girls were equally likely to be shown performing physical activities. (1984). The term psychologists use for how physically close two people are to each other is ________. Which of the following statements concerning women's participation in sports is/are true? Haslam, S. A., Oakes, P. J., & Turner, J. C. (1996). (1992). All states have workers' compensation laws. John is expressing his opinions, and Sarah is expressing hers. The role of memory biases in stereotype maintenance. On January 1, 2014, Everett Corporation had these stockholders equity accounts. d. people who are not prejudiced can discriminate. c. Segregation View Bus311.docx from BUSI 311 at Liberty University. C. The genetic diversity between races is greater than the genetic diversity within them.D. For instance, when a math task is described as diagnostic of intelligence, Latinos and particularly Latinas perform more poorly than do Whites (Gonzales, Blanton, & Williams, 2002). b. prey on women's insecurities to get them to buy advertiser's products. Which factor significantly decreased the likelihood of conformity in Solomon Asch's studies? c. In the 2000 Olympics, women who competed in sports involving power or physical contact Brown, R. (1995). Social categorization occurs spontaneously, without much thought on our part (Crisp & Hewstone, 2007). Perform the indicated operation. d. Mexican Americans. d. discrimination, Who would MOST likely believe that strengthening the Black family is the solution to racial inequality? At the last second, one of Reggie's teammates misses a shot that costs his team the game. b. Joe Feagin The figure shows links between the social category of college professors and its stereotypes as a type of neural network or schema. In media guides, both female and male athletes are more likely to be shown in passive, nonathletic c. increase tax breaks to Black churches. Alex says to his friend, "That man is incredibly rude." c. assimilation. Based on your knowledge of social psychology, which phenomenon may have contributed to the errant putt? Psychological Science, 14(5), 516519. baseball. Rising to the threat: Reducing stereotype threat by reframing the threat as a challenge. Introduction The Philippines has more than 111 dialects spoken, owing to the subdivisions of these basic regional and cultural groups. d. generalization. "The typical job applicant worries about his chances of getting the job." When we make situational attributions, we are identifying the source of an action as something ________. d. A researcher distributes paper questionnaires to new immigrant children in high school. Along with crystallized intelligence (Gc), domain-specific knowledge (Gkn) is an important ability within the nomological net of acquired knowledge. a. multiculturalism. b. institutional racism. Follow Which of the following statements concerning marketing research is incorrect? d. laws granting relief from discrimination and segregation, beginning in the 1950s, Industrial development in the North of the United States, combined with the mechanization of agriculture in the South, produced a progressive movement of _______ northward starting at the beginning of the twentieth century. c. had different cultural practices that eventually produced physical differences. Brown, R., Croizet, J.-C., Bohner, G., Fournet, M., & Payne, A. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. On the affective side, stereotype threat creates stress as well as a variety of affective responses including anxiety (Schmader, Johns, & Forbes, 2008). c. Latin Americans d. Racism resides in the individual conscience only. Account. More than three-quarters of the nearly 59 million immigrants admitted to the United States since 1965 have been from d. 75 percent, Blacks account for roughly ______ of the U.S. population and ______ of chief executives. Furthermore, attempting to prevent our stereotype from coloring our reactions to others takes effort. d. 94; 62, Cross-cultural research on ambivalent sexism showed that: If police officers were actually not that knowledgeable about the city layout, then using this categorization would not be informative. d. Latin America or Asia. For one, we learn our stereotypes in part through our communications with parents and peers (Aboud & Doyle, 1996) and from the behaviors we see portrayed in the media (Brown, 1995). a. laws limiting the rights of blacks in the South after the Civil War This process of categorization is known as Because men are more likely to be leaders than are women, they may well be, on average, more dominant; and because women are more likely to take care of children, they may, on average, act in a more nurturing way than do men. (2007). 4 You are polite and civil to people you dislike. Aboud, F. E., & Doyle, A.-B. b. When we see members of social groups perform behaviors, we tend to better remember information that confirms our stereotypes than we remember information that disconfirms our stereotypes (Fyock & Stangor, 1994). c. Black women; Asian American women Social categorization influences our perceptions of groupsfor instance, the perception of outgroup homogeneity. b. a. Racism is no longer a significant problem for Blacks. d. b and c, In examining women's sexuality in music and music videos, which of the following statements Social Cognition, 21(3), 167193. a. color blindness is a means of maintaining racial equality. Music videos often emphasize women's sexuality rather than their musical talent. He receives two very promising applications from individuals who both are college educated and hold well-paying jobs. A superordinate goal is one that is common to two or more groups and requires the cooperation of each group to accomplish. And the same is true of John. a. stress a. genetic factors than those who are not employed. a. Asian American women are featured in greater numbers than are any other women of color. Fiske, A. P., Haslam, N., & Fiske, S. T. (1991). a. In 1735, Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus published a modern classification scheme of human populations. If the jury cannot decide on a verdict, a mistrial will be declared. ", 2 "I did a good job because the task was easy.". d. Native Americans. c. A researcher conducts a series of interviews with new immigrants to the United States who came from Central America. In these cases, your membership as a university student is simply more salient and important than it is every day, and you are more likely to categorize yourself accordingly. a. Athleticism of female athletes tends to be overemphasized. a. Mexicans c. Ireland; rural a. the social categorization perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(1), 2136. d. 50. This interaction best illustrates which of the following statements? a. Assimilation This shows that B. automatic b. African Americans On the other hand, sometimes these beliefs are negative, and they create negative self-fulfilling prophecies such that we perform more poorly just because of our knowledge about the stereotypes. Implicit association procedures such as the IAT show that even participants who claim that they are not prejudiced do seem to hold cultural stereotypes about social groups. 262 courses. If men think that women are all alike, then they may also think that they all have the same characteristicstheyre all emotional and weak. And women may have similarly simplified beliefs about men (theyre insensitive, unwilling to commit, etc.). a. Authoritarianism is not a characteristic of personality but reflects the values and norms of particular subcultures within the wider society. Which of the following statements concerning minority groups is true? b. 2 pages. d. benevolent sexism, Both hostile and benevolent sexism: Anxiety and depressive disorders are related through comorbidity and shared risk factors. opacity oral histories presenter CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. This overgeneralization makes it more likely that we will think about and treat all members of a group the same way. Although the meaning of the IAT has been debated (Tetlock & Mitchell, 2008), research using implicit measures does suggest thatwhether we know it or not, and even though we may try to control them when we canour stereotypes and prejudices are easily activated when we see members of different social categories (Barden, Maddux, Petty, & Brewer, 2004). Once they become established, stereotypes (like any other cognitive representation) tend to persevere. In college textbooks approximately one-half of the references to women are specifically c) Data classification and application categorization must be; Question: Which of the following statements is true about data classification and application categorization for sensitivity? San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press. b) the influences of the social world in which we exist. When a minority member experiences a microaggression, they 2 We rely on the first information we receive to make internal attributions. 2 A girl marries the boy next door. c. Asian women b. institutional racism. c. TV commercials. "People stereotype females as communal and males as agentic because they have observed d. All of the above. A., & Shelton, J. N. (2003). Which of the following statements about categorization in humans is FALSE? d. displacement. a. in the post-World War II period up to the early 1960s Define superordinate goals and explain how they help in increasing cooperation when there is conflict among individuals. c. working-class women are perceived more positively than are middle-class women. Although thinking about others in terms of their social category memberships has some potential benefits for the person who does the categorizing, categorizing others, rather than treating them as unique individuals with their own unique characteristics, has a wide variety of negative, and often very unfair, outcomes for those who are categorized. One prejudices can be influenced by one's emotional state. blender scale object to specific size; randolph county sheriff's report; . Perceiving outgroup members as unresponsive: Implications for approach-related emotions, intentions, and behavior. Ann Hopkins filed a lawsuit against Price Waterhouse asserting that her promotion for In one study assessing stereotypes, Stephanie Madon and her colleagues (Madon et al., 2001) presented U.S. college students with a list of 84 trait terms and asked them to indicate for which groups each trait seemed appropriate (Figure 12.6 Current Stereotypes Held by College Students). The Stanford prison experiment led researchers to conclude which of the following? 5 One problem is that social categorization distorts our perceptions such that we tend to exaggerate the differences between people from different social groups while at the same time perceiving members of groups (and particularly outgroups) as more similar to each other than they actually are. Imagine for a moment that two college students, John and Sarah, are talking at a table in the student union at your college or university. Ostrom, T. M., & Sedikides, C. (1992). c. In several forms of media there is a greater emphasis on female than male sexuality. A Feelings of hostility or anger directed against objects that are not the real origin of those anxieties is called a. transference. which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? 1 point? Brian believes that gender discrimination is no longer a problem in society. c. Donald Trump's presidency is seen as a new era of covert racism. d. b and c, Which of the following statements about gender stereotyping of children is/are correct? Allport, G. W. (1954/1979). Use the purchases journal from the previous exercise. Tajfel, H., & Wilkes, A. L. (1963). which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct?broward summer school schedule. Of course, you may think that you personally do not behave in these ways, and you may not. c. segregation. Which of the following statements best describes the break-even point? d. integrate schools. C. categorization Lepore, L., & Brown, R. (1997). I codes "social" when the thrust of the datum dealt with relationships. We tend to see people who belong to the same social group as more similar than they actually are, and we tend to judge people from different social groups as more different than they actually are. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27(4), 357378. It can help in increasing cooperation among individuals because sharing a common goal often provides a core focus for the groups, generally taking focus off apparent differences. His categorization revolves around the premises discussed in the deductions as well as the conditions required for arguments to prove them correct. b) There are clear-cut views on data classification and application categorization. d. by attempting to act as if race does not exist, whites perpetuate inequalities. B. practicing discrimination Psychological Review, 115(2), 336356. Social judgeability: The impact of meta-informational cues on the use of stereotypes. After the war, Japanese families joined many Chinese immigrants in segregated Chinatowns. In the end, stereotypes become self-fulfilling prophecies, such that our expectations about the group members make the stereotypes come true (Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid, 1977; Word, Zanna, & Cooper, 1974). Content and application inaccuracy in social stereotyping. a) Secondary research can be organized in-house or via a research agency. 13 percent; 3 percent doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.09.014. a. some traits are associated with all women, regardless of their ethnicity. d. all of the above. Nosek, B. d. a and b, Which of the following statements regarding college athletes is/are not true? 2 the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. You want to visit Argentina, but your attitude about Argentina is changing as you read the news about the kidnappings that have occurred there. The most popular reaction-time implicit measure of prejudicethe Implicit Association Test (IAT)is frequently used to assess stereotypes and prejudice (Nosek, Greenwald, & Banaji, 2007). Patricia Linville and Edward Jones (1980) gave research participants a list of trait terms and asked them to think about either members of their own group (e.g., Blacks) or members of another group (e.g., Whites) and to place the trait terms into piles that represented different types of people in the group. Empty cart. Because Asian students are aware of the stereotype that Asians are good at math, reminding them of this fact before they take a difficult math test can improve their performance on the test (Walton & Cohen, 2003). I start with some of the early challenges to the widely-employed philosophical method of casesthe very challenges that originally prompted the new movement of experimental philosophyand with some fundamental questions about the method that are yet to have been given satisfying answers. c. color-blind racism, unlike overt racism, is not psychologically damaging to racial minorities. Because they hold these beliefs, it is possiblealthough not guaranteedthat they may use them when responding to other people, creating a subtle and unconscious type of discrimination. Contextual moderation of racial bias: The impact of social roles on controlled and automatically activated attitudes. What is important is to reduce the self-concern that is engaged when we consider the relevant negative stereotypes. d. modern sexism. Ethnicity bases classification on physical features. d. a and b, Older women who appear on TV are often depicted: a. social role theory. Given are five observations for two variables, x and y. xi12345yi3751114\begin{array}{r|rrrrr} Madon, S., Guyll, M., Aboufadel, K., Montiel, E., Smith, A., Palumbo, P., & Jussim, L. (2001). and males is clearly interpreted as inclusive of both genders. 3, pp. Which of the following statements are accurate? Brian's In fact, just knowing that stereotype threat exists and may influence performance can help alleviate its negative impact (Johns, Schmader, & Martens, 2005). At present, there are three paramedics and two physicians on duty during each shift. d. her unfeminine walk. Race and ethnicity shape internal and external perceptions of a group. There are two rival pet stores located across the street from each other. Complicating things, Gkn tests from different cultural circles cannot simply be translated as . d. all of the above. A company uses the indirect method to determine its cash flows from operating activities. c. Middle Easterners are white and North Africans are nonwhite. Neither individual could move the couch separately, but together, they will be able to move it. c. Although adults apply gender stereotypes to children, these stereotypes are different from the From Tajfel (1970). (A) Policy dividends represent earnings to shareowners who hold stock in insurance companies. This problem has been solved! As a result of successive potato famines that produced widespread starvation, 1.5 million people migrated to the United States from ______ in the nineteenth century and settled mostly in ______ areas. d. all of the above. Contemporary research uses self-report methods when there is a question over people's ability to rate their attitudes accurately. Knowing is half the battle: Teaching stereotype threat as a means of improving womens math performance. A. The bogus pipeline procedure suggests that people may frequently mask their negative beliefs in publicpeople express more prejudice when they are in the bogus pipeline than they do when they are asked the same questions more directly. b. Latinas C. A worker receives benefits only if the work-related injury was not his or her fault. d. El Salvadorians, During World War II, _______ were made to report to "relocation centers," which were effectively concentration camps. \boldsymbol{x}_{\boldsymbol{i}} & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 \\ d. "The bachelor and spinster decided to share an apartment. a. unmarried women. d. Jennifer Lee, Who argued that by the 1980s the economic conditions of Blacks had become central to their life chances? The cognitive monster: The case against the controllability of automatic stereotype effects. a. modern sexism. Now, rather than perceiving themselves as members of two different groups (men versus women), John and Sarah might suddenly perceive themselves as members of the same social category (students at their college). which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? c. social role theory. Furthermore, the categories are arranged such that the responses to be answered with the left and right buttons either fit with (match) the stereotype or do not fit with (mismatch) the stereotype. Competence. The game is very close. Confidentiality c. Integrity. d. Loyalty e. All of the above are. b. b. parents perceive newborn daughters as more delicate and weaker than newborn sons. 0 Wishlist. c. Both of the above C. One's behavior is independent of societal expectations and roles. Definition and assessment of accuracy in social stereotypes. You can see that an interaction that began at individual level, as two individuals conversing, has now turned to the group level, in which John has begun to consider himself as a man, and Sarah has begun to consider herself as a woman. x+31=2(x32)6x. 1 "I did a good job because I'm smart." social loafing Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson (1995) tested the hypothesis that these differences might be due to the activation of negative stereotypes. a. aggregation. White men performed more poorly on a math test when they were told that their performance would be compared with that of Asian men (Aronson, Lustina, Good, Keough, & Steele, 1999), and Whites performed more poorly than Blacks on a sport-related task when it was described to them as measuring their natural athletic ability (Stone, 2002).
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