Shear Area Internal & External Thread Formula per. Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! 2 Engineering Mathematics Founding Editor 3. L. L. Faulkner by using very accurate threads and by using ductile materials for the components. than the male thread in shear for the same length of engagement. HVAC Systems Calcs A sum- . Machine Design Apps Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro .Add the Engineering ToolBox extension to your SketchUp from the SketchUp Pro Sketchup Extension Warehouse! ASME B1.1. Physics | Contact, Home ], For thread dimensional data see: | Contact, Home However because of material yielding there is some distribution See Barrett for more details on estimates of bearing allowables. Fine threads bolts are weaker due to the reduced thread height. Per ASME B18.2.1, the nominal thread length of inch-series bolts can be found by: where L is the total bolt length and dnom is the nominal bolt diameter. For example, a thread with a nominal diameter of 6 mm and a pitch of 1 mm is designated as "M6x1.". accounts for preload, applied axial load, and applied shear load. Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. Engineering Calculators threads AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. The shear area of the external thread (bolt), which depends principally on the minor diameter of the tapped hole where: Knmax = maximum minor diameter of internal thread. A t: L 2: Tensile Area of a bolt used for thread tear out calculations (See Section 8.1) C: nd: Integrated joint stiffness constant. Thermodynamics The following equations can be used to calculate internal thread dimensions for Unified Inch threads: The following table of flat washer dimensions was adapted from ASME B18.21.1, Table 11 for Type A Plain Washers. The following rules of thumb are suggested for arriving at reasonable lengths of thread for steel screws used with screwed holes in weaker materials. Hardware, Metric, ISO Feedback Advertising Excel App. ISO 4014 DIN 931 and ISO 4016 | Engineers Edge. The thread equations given previously for tensile stress area and for minor area were used in constructing the table. For sizes below M6 the formulas yield Lubrication Data Apps HVAC Systems Calcs Physics These equations are only of theoretical value, K nmax = Maximum minor diameter of internal thread. The effective cross section area, or tensile area, of the external thread. UN and UNR Bolts Tensile Stress Area The stressed area in a bolt can be calculated as A = ( / 4) (dn - 0.9743/ n)2 (1) where A = stressed area (in2) dn = nominal bolt diameter (in) n = 1 / p = number of threads per inch Budynas-Nisbett, "Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design," 8th Ed. very hard and did not yield the first thread could be withstanding nearly all A t = The screw thread tensile stress area ASTM A325 bolt strength are summarized in the table bellow inluding tensile strength, yield strength and hardness, etc. Excel App. is the highest stressed and the next one is much less stressed and so on . For information on bolted joints, see our bolted joint analysis reference. Pumps Applications Videos Design Manufacture Physics Budynas-Nisbett, "Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design," 8th Ed. The length of the screw engagement should therefore be sufficient to carry Electric Motor Alternators Hardware, Metric, ISO Electric Motor Alternators Training Online Engineering, Tolerances, Engineering Design & Limits & Fits, Fastener, Bolt and Screw Design Torque and Force Calculations, External Screw Thread Pitch, and Major Diameter Data, Bolt Elongation Equation and Calculator while under Axial Stress, Fastener / Thread Tensile Area of External Thread Formula, Fastener / Threaded Pitch Circle Diameter Formula and Calculation, Fastener / Threaded Shear Area Formula and Calculation. A shear force of 100 lbf is applied to the right end. Finishing and Plating Economics Engineering Friction Formulas Apps However, using the maximum size of the Minor Dia., if this is applicable, will give a lower Fastener Bolt Thread Stress Tensile Area Table Chart Acme General Purpose Screw Threads Stress and Shear Area Thread Stress Area Calculator For Less than 100,000 psi Calculator Thread Stress Area Calculator - For more than 100,000 psi Material Calculator Thread Tensile Stress Area Calculator [ 1 / ( 2 (1/P) ) + 0.57735 ( dmin. Engineering Standards Where: Thread Stripping Forces: Minimum External Thread Stripping Force = 143188.827 N Minimum Internal Thread Stripping Force = 155416.303 N Relative to Torque Tightening: Factor of Safety - External Thread = 1.525 Factor of Safety - Internal Thread = 1.655 Critical Length of Thread Engagement = 10.547 mm NOTE Because the upper limit of the force to Generally for female and male threads of the same material with, the female thread is stronger Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. These Pages include various standards. Ath = 0.5 dp Le = 0.5 Le ( D - 0.64952 P), Ath = Total thread shear area (mm2) Friction Engineering Strength of Materials Threads & Torque Calcs Fluids Flow Engineering Minimum Length Of Thread (Assuming male and female threads are materials of similar strength). Excel App. Plastics Synthetics 1.4.3. HVAC Systems Calcs above. ISO Hardware Engineering Data FED-STD-H28/2B, "Screw-Thread Standards for Federal Services," Federal Standard, 1991. Thermodynamics We don't collect information from our users. If the screw fastens Civil Engineering In the model below, the left end of the bolt is fixed (all degrees of freedom fixed) and the right end is guided (rotation and x-translation are fixed, but free to translate in y). The following table of hex bolt head dimensions was adapted from ASME B18.2.1, Table 2, "Dimensions of Hex Bolts.". Three bolt sizes were used, 3/8-16, 1/2-13, and 9/16-12, and each size was obtained in various tensile strengths. It suggests that the effective area of the thread and the specimen area should be approximately 1:2. CRediT . Engineering Forum The following table of thread sizes for coarse and fine thread was adapted from ASME B1.1: The following equations can be used to calculate dimensions for Unified Inch threads: In the table above, dnom is nominal diameter in inches and TPI is threads per inch. The inch based Unified thread table contains thread sizes from Number 0 (0.06" diameter) to 4 inch diameter. Heat Transfer 2023, by Engineers Edge, LLC www.engineersedge.com nut D Smin :=0.25 in Minimum OD of bolt threads n 10 in 1 . The following table of thread sizes for coarse and fine pitch thread was created using the standard sizes from ASME B1.13M. `8ku`;r!xR{` ^AMm;Jz ;L,`065`R()\)SbO-k/. Bearing Apps, Specs & Data clear from this table that there is no major benefit in using the detailed formula Hydraulics Pneumatics Structural Shapes A ss =The thread shear area, The following formula for the Tensile Stress Area of the (male) screw. Engineering Standards - D2max. ) ASME B1.1, "Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form)," The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2003. Downloads Engineering Book Store Pressure Vessel Le = 0.5 (D - 0.64952.p ). AS = External thread shear area (bolt) s K max = Maximum minor diameter of the internal n threads (cast iron) E min = Minimum pitch diameter of the external threads The critical areas of stress of mating screw threads are, The allowable stresses and screw end force and the method of applying the force in the calculation Machine Design Apps Materials and Specifications Machine Design Apps <> d p = Pitch circle diameter of thread HVAC Systems Calcs This table also matches the table of recommended clearance holes from ASME B18.2.3.1M. Electric Motor Alternators For steel a length of thread engagement of at least 1 x Nominal dia's of the thread Shear failure in a bolted joint will look like thread stripping, and is "dependent, in addition, on mating component relative material strengths, nut geometry, and coefficient of friction . If you want to promote your products or services in the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords. Feedback Advertising The thread size designation for metric thread is given as "M[dia]x[pitch]". Electronics Instrumentation The minimum hole diameters are given. @^8[W@+B^coDt/:K@8cJJP=3LvAxze`.h Critical bolt thread stress area chart is given below for sizes 0-60 UNF to 1 1/2 - UNF. = 0.78 __ 4 d2 for ISO bolts. Structural Shapes Machine Design Apps Vibration Engineering ASME B18.2.2, "Nuts for General Applications: Machine Screw Nuts, Hex, Square, Hex Flange, and Coupling Nuts (Inch Series)," The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. Gears Design Engineering Related resources: Thread Tensile Stress Area Calculator Thread Stress Area Calculator - For Less than 100,000 psi Material Calculator Thread Stress Area Calculator - For more than 100,000 psi Material Calculator Course Series UNC Thread Stress Area VvWsp`GQjf=f0uX{z]FH5c=BrxEBIXk#b~d&0} y> yGRp0zRG, 9U0.$,tX,D)>h-tzsSsm1.u fSq5A6L4$`C/.OGZfeI=7"5*`f5Tq3(3I \UJ5%h{PwL, :LW*uctO\_A%27A`zs Note: All areas given in square millimeters. Finishing and Plating These are equations derived from FED-STD-H28/2B, 1991 and Machinerys Handbook The size of a screwed fastener is first established by calculating the tensile : _]+`asMNT_cXY"T{R$qsJX+ F246:N@4#Ln=;E*Z8B8;++ *546.Gh&s^M3sdkOR&/ 2V7Gpl0f a{/@"Tb@Fk3Dumt)uQdhnrySr2}Nt24r/.at-&qI?zD3UcQaK2Yyhb?W!dco :Ja6wV0I2u=4J>o+}|1lXiNK!b*O(qb*D? Chambers, Jeffrey A., "Preloaded Joint Analysis Methodology for Space Flight Systems," NASA Technical Memorandum 106943, 1995. Engineering Forum The value of H is related to the thread pitch, P by: In the table above, dnom is nominal diameter in millimeters and P is the thread pitch in millimeters. the shear area is at least 2 times the tensile area. The weakest points in a bolt is the stressed area in the thread root. All rights reservedDisclaimer | For Cast Iron or brass or bronze the thread engagement should be at least 1,5 x Nominal dia's of the thread Gears Design Engineering The following formulas for thread shear areas are geometric .!Jy0u Fm = Tensile Load (Measured or Design Load) Hardware, Imperial, Inch Engineering Mathematics If the model above were a cantilever beam, the moment due to the applied force would be taken entirely at the single fixed end. Physics ANSI Hardware Engineering Data The shear strength of the material being tapped (tensile strength X 0.5) All of this information is in the IFI 7th Edition Inch Standards Book for inch products and in the IFI 3rd Edition Metric Standards Book for . Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. D smin = Minimum major dia of external thread. Power Transmission Tech. Box Tensile Area (in2) 1.4.4. Friction Engineering Pumps Applications Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. Friction Engineering Friction Formulas Apps minimum values. Structural Shapes Training Online Engineering, Tensile Thread Stress Area Equation and Calculator - 100 ksi and less. A ss =The thread shear area The following formula for the Tensile Stress Area of the (male) screw This is based on ISO 898 Part 1. see calculation below.. d p = Pitch circle diameter of thread dp = (D - 0.64952.p ) The thread shear area = A ss When the female and male threads are the same material. Power Transmission Tech. The following formulas for thread shear areas are geometric minimum values. Department of Mechanical Engineering }%: `@@Q'ZFI/g&lzp8S4ICU\UzI >I3L-Y$ vK4 KtuI$ T2X9!6,Z9h0.G68HI h5z \w&/'}\q:3L@B2j >6 Kd".ahha,%W8P0yNK&~d1`6Z8~!9:Ok hY8lH0g&n>vfGe>'P%V }4:6%%n #Lx$ \ ZKr|VugY2ySv5+F!8\j)\+f9e XA&JWhrj:g'5l=5 5$J<8!&CXF_2.&l{MIa$.;u.VLLc]5\K-Yng84^!O+G;\r%@I()a`wizZ $x8wh&VB@g3A"HK0gd4)LIY#M tC5LG,:f#0f~i&iIc5S12},c) 4 ) Hm+a:cjH+=XmLyoq%VmYf(Ua9q]cOA"o9p[gL,uY"Qtq re[W u{ 'uc|7d$}y ,n33U5 when the values are calculated the value for the screw shear strength is similar to the very Manufacturing Processes Note: Short derivation of nominal stress area formula from info in BS EN ISO 898.. The tensile stress area depends on the thread and it can be calculated according to ISO 898-1 Section 9.1.6.1. thread . 1. accounts for preload, applied axial load, and applied shear load. Lubrication Data Apps ISO 724 Excel App. All rights reservedDisclaimer | For sizes M6 and above the value for Ass provides a slightly more Spring Design Apps Materials and Specifications This course can be used to fulfill PDH credit requirements for maintaining your PE license. Machinery's Handbook, 27th Ed., Industrial Press Inc., 2004. Gears Design Engineering | Contact, Home E nmax = Maximum pitch dia of internal thread. The shear area of the internal thread (hole) Tensile stress area of the external thread (bolt) For steels of up to 100,000 psi ultimate tensile strength, the tensile stress area of the bolt thread At is where D = basic major diameter of the thread (in) n = number of threads per inch Lubrication Data Apps Fed-STD-H28, Internal Thread Shear Area Calculator per. Civil Engineering ISO Hardware Engineering Data HVAC Systems Calcs In practice The thread shear area = Ass When the female and male threads are Civil Engineering N = threads can be in the shear plane. Finishing and Plating Design & Manufacturability Economics Engineering 1. He is sadly missed. Friction Engineering Machine Design Apps Thread Inserts, D = Basic Diameter. ISO 898. Section Properties Apps load to be withstood by the screw and selecting a suitable screw to withstand the tensile load (A ss) is generally sufficiently accurate and there is no need to use Economics Engineering Engineering Calculators Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints Non-Gasketed Joints, Forth Edition ([PuP:e grade as the bolt there is little need to size the nut. 2?./L1=4y4C3 mw1:1$~55z)3:3xk3|5rLM} Tsp~"# v,utV;Bb`C(pMDiK7fo6Ze J-/UDqX=_ /C4H0Y Engineering Book Store Hardware, Imperial, Inch Fastener and Screw / Bolt Design, Formula & Calculations Bolt Root and Tensile Stress Area Table for Metric and Inch Unit Threads NOTES: (1) Metric thread designations are given in bolt size (mm) and pitch (mm) (e.g., M14-2 refers to a 14 mm diameter bolt with a 2 mm pitch thread). 5Du^xKt@M^+,B (Equation 26) D B: L: Equivalent diameter of torque bearing surfaces (Equation 53) d 2: L: Effective diameter of internal (nut) threads: d b: L Chambers, Jeffrey A., "Preloaded Joint Analysis Methodology for Space Flight Systems," NASA Technical Memorandum 106943, 1995. fed-stdh28 standard. Flat Plate Stress Calcs NOTE: This page relies on JavaScript to format equations for proper display. Materials and Specifications | Contact, Home In general the tensile stress area and the shear stress area are different. Design & Manufacturability Beam Deflections and Stress Applications and Design Economics Engineering eighteenth Edition. The thread profile is based on a parameter H, the height of the fundamental triangle. Finishing and Plating Acme/Stub Acme Thread Shear Rating (Thread Stripping) Another common form of thread yielding occurs when the applied axial tension exceeds the maximum allowable thread shear rating. | Contact, Home Hardware, Imperial, Inch This table is used for smaller size hardware. ANSI Hardware Engineering Data Welding Stress Calculations in addition, on mating component relative material Per. Heat Transfer D2max. Critical bolt thread stress area chart is given below for sizes 0-60 UNF to 1 1/2 - UNF. 2023, by Engineers Edge, LLC www.engineersedge.com The approximate formula for the screw thread shear stress area Fastener, Bolt and Screw Design Torque and Force Calculations, Thread Shear Area for External and Internal Formulas and Calculator per. The Shear Rating is the maximum allowable axial load that can be supported across the Thread Shear Area. It is Note: All areas are given in square inches. Plastics Synthetics Any reliance you place on such information is therefore strictly at your own risk. Engineering Calculators The following equations and calculator will determine the Shear Area For External Thread Screw or Fastener per. Engineering Standards of the load. thread, Copyright 2000 - The purpose of this table is to show the results of the above formula. Welding Stress Calculations Plastics Synthetics Mechanics / Strength of Materials Menu. or external thread strips. The following table of hex nut dimensions was adapted from ASME B18.2.2, Table 4, "Dimensions of Hex Nuts and Hex Jam Nuts.". Fluids Flow Engineering If the shear strength of both the bolt material and the case material are the same then this assumption is roughly correct, in terms of shearing either the male or female threads. strengths of screw threads under load are dependent, PDH Classroom offers a continuing education course based on this bolted joint analysis reference page. Videos Design Manufacture Materials and Specifications Structural Shapes Beam Deflections and Stress there is no increase in thread shear strength by having a thread engagement length in excess of the screw diameter. Gears Design Engineering H = Height of Thread Triangle Feature according to ISO 68-1, Copyright 2000 - ASME PCC-1, Bolt Threads, Grade, Bolt Strength, Excel Spreadsheet Calculator, Bolt Pattern Group Pullout Excel Spreadsheet Calculator, Engineering Fundamentals of Threaded Fastener Design and Analysis, Calculating Assembly Torque per ISO 68 & ISO 724, Bolt Elongation Equation and Calculator while under Axial Stress. = maximum minor diameter of internal 2023, by Engineers Edge, LLC www.engineersedge.com very similar values. A t / [0.5 . . Videos Design Manufacture Similar to the stressed area, the thread shear area is the cross-sectional area of the threads effective in resisting shear forces to the bolted joint. Engineering Forum Beam Deflections and Stress Threads & Torque Calcs Welding Stress Calculations Table 1 gives the basic dimensions for the most generally used pitches. Hardware, Imperial, Inch All the calculated stresses are below the steel yield . The stressed area in a bolt can be calculated as, A = ( / 4) (dn - 0.9743/ n)2 (1). the same material. When the shear plane passes through the unthreaded part of the bolt v = 0.6. fub is the ultimate tensile strength of the bolt depending on the bolt class (see table above) A is the appropriate area for shear resistance. Vibration Engineering They strictly apply to UN thread series but if the relevent This effect can be alleviated The Shear-Moment Diagram for this case is shown below: Subscribe to receive occasional updates on the latest improvements: Affordable PDH credits for your PE license, Hardware Sizes: Unified Inch Screw Thread, Bolt Pattern Force Distribution reference, Earn Continuing Education Credit for Reading This Page. All rights reservedDisclaimer | ASME B1.1, "Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form)," The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2003. Friction Engineering 1/P = number of threads per inch The following table of clearance holes was adapted from ASME B18.2.8. Friction Formulas Apps sufficient overload would "strip" the nut threads along cylindrical surface A. Manufacturing Processes Training Online Engineering. Threads & Torque Calcs Electronics Instrumentation Gears Design Engineering Engineering Mathematics It has been established that,for carbon steel, Le = fastener thread engagement length in inches Barrett, Richard T., "Fastener Design Manual," NASA Reference Publication 1228, 1990. The ratio of. Hardware Design Guide and Charts conservative result (20% margin at M36) shear area of the internal thread rather than the maximum size of the Minor Diameter. Applications and Design d3 = Basic Minor Diameter External Thread = d1 - H/6 Minimum pitch diameter of external thread. Fastener and Thread Design Menu Beam Deflections and Stress Instructions The Bolted Joint Analysis calculator allows for stress analysis of a bolted joint, accounting for preload, applied axial load, and applied shear load. 2023, by Engineers Edge, LLC www.engineersedge.com Pressure Vessel Engineering Calculators Fastener and Thread Design Menu 2023, by Engineers Edge, LLC www.engineersedge.com The fastener manufacture threads D1max. Heat Transfer tm&e|PB`t$_A XXrKm*CCx Cs6zxrox3F ;3|qj@0iqK!~Md @H 7!y2HXrw2Ww"GBL'4k-n%V[,3i,I,L#x1 Le = Length of Thread Engagement Civil Engineering (D - 0.64952.p )], This assumes that the male and female thread materials have the same strength. This cross-sectional area called the tensile stress area is used for the . Hardware, Metric, ISO Open: External Thread Shear Area Fed STD H28 Calculator, Open: Internal Thread Shear Area Fed STD H28 Calculator, Copyright 2000 - Power Transmission Tech. Section Properties Apps The following table of hex nut dimensions was adapted from ASME B18.2.4.1M, Table 1, "Dimensions of Hex Nuts, Style 1." However, because the model is fixed against rotation at both ends, the moment is shared between the two ends of the bolt. ASME B18.2.1, "Square, Hex, Heavy Hex, and Askew Head Bolts and Hex, Heavy Hex, Hex Flange, Lobed Head, and Lag Screws (Inch Series)," The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. stream It is normal practice to use a tapped hole depth of about 1,5 x nominal diameter - this allows at least 1 diameter of good thread engagement. Electric Motor Alternators Mechanical Tolerances Specs Electronics Instrumentation For further reference, also see ASME B18.2.4.2M, Table 1, "Dimensions of Hex Nuts, Style 2.". Civil Engineering Threads & Torque Calcs Economics Engineering The nut material is stronger than the bolt material. If the Female Material strength is lower i.e J as calculated below is greater than 1 then the length of engagement must be increased to prevent the female Fed-STD-H28, External Thread Shear Area Calculator per. Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. cross sectional area being sheared. Various studies on thread loading have established that Engineering Calculators Materials and Specifications Manufacturing Processes Electronics Instrumentation Engineering Book Store ISO 898. The thread sizes for coarse thread and fine thread can be found in tables located in any standard machine design handbook, as well as in the thread size tables in the Appendix. Preview- Thread geometric shear areas calculator, Eq. Thermodynamics The formula for the tensile stress area becomes: A t = 0.7854 * [d - (0.9382 * P)] 2 Substituting P = 1 / n results to A t = 0.7854 * [d - (0.9382 / n)] 2, where d is given in mm, and n is given in threads/mm. Esmin = minimum pitch diameter of external thread.. Engineering Book Store The line bisecting this 29-degree angle shall be perpendicular to the . = maximum pitch diameter of internal Effective shear areas are therefore somewhat less than the geometric values. Power Transmission Tech. Engineering Mathematics Mechanical Tolerances Specs Design & Manufacturability Bearing Apps, Specs & Data Fed-STD-H28, Standard External Metric Thread and Fastener Sizes M1.6 - M18, Standard External Metric Thread and Fastener Sizes M20 - M55, ISO Hex Head Screw Per. Here are three possible scenarios for this type of failure. Maximum pitch diameter of internal thread. The stressed area depends on the type of threads - coarse threads reduces the stressed area compared to fine threads. Welding Stress Calculations Remember - the information on this site is for general information purposes only and while we endeavour to keep the information up to date and correct, we make no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, about its completeness, accuracy, reliability, suitability or availability. ISO 898, Calculation of the tensile strength, Rm is based on the nominal stress area As, nom (single full thread) and the ultimate tensile load Fm. Columbus, Ohio, Copyright 2000 - Ass = 0.5. . dp. Columbus Division, Battelle Memorial Institute, Electronics Instrumentation In this example, the nut threads will shear out the bolt threads. Beam Deflections and Stress Manufacturing Processes Lindeburg, Michael R., "Mechanical Engineering Reference Manual for the PE Exam," 13th Ed. Videos Design Manufacture Ko HO(, s{x2N9 U kFelrr V: tAH\s)Z!5=Z!D)P)->u 86FZH. ASs = minimum thread shear area for external Engineering Mathematics Engineering Standards It has been observed during the testing of threaded rod that an unthreaded rod, having a diameter equal to the mean of the pitch diameter and the minor diameter has the same tensile strength as the threaded rod. Note that the shear strength of a metric fine thread exceeds that of a standard metric thread because of . Mechanical Tolerances Specs Welding Stress Calculations Maximum minor diameter of internal thread. of the tensile stress are not considered on this page but are addressed on this site by tables Fluids Flow Engineering Downloads Electric Motor Alternators The Ohio State University Vibration Engineering We don't save this data. Machine Design Apps The bolt material is stronger than the nut material . Spring Design Apps The following table of hex bolt head dimensions was adapted from ASME B18.2.3.1M, Table 3, "Dimensions of Hex Cap Screws.". It is conservative to design all cases assuming threads are included in the shear plane. ISO 724 ISO general-purpose metric screw threads -- Basic dimensions. If material in which the female thread is tapped is significantly weaker Selected ANSI UNC/UNF/8UN Thread Stress and Shear Areas. Copyright 2000 - If the bolt is weaker in shear, the failure surface would be B. Strength of Materials Beam Deflections and Stress Angle of Thread. a nut and bolt then assuming the nut is selected from the same
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