Box plots (also called box-and-whisker plots or box-whisker plots) give a good graphical image of the concentration of the data. Mean deviation and Standard deviation. When describing the scores on a single variable, it is customary to report on both the central tendency and the dispersion. (d) It is easy to calculate numerically and simple to understand. There are no constraints on any population. Overall Introduction to Critical Appraisal, Chapter 2 Reasons for engaging stakeholders, Chapter 3 Identifying appropriate stakeholders, Chapter 4 Understanding engagement methods, Chapter 9 - Understanding the lessons learned, Programme Budgeting and Marginal Analysis, Chapter 8 - Programme Budgeting Spreadsheet, Chapter 4 - Measuring what screening does, Chapter 7 - Commissioning quality screening, Chapter 3 - Changing the Energy of the NHS, Chapter 4 - Distributed Health and Service and How to Reduce Travel, Chapter 6 - Sustainable Clinical Practice, Prioritisation and Performance Management, Campbell MJ, Machin D and Walters SJ. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Hence the interquartile range is 1.79 to 2.40 kg. An intuitive way of looking at this is to suppose one had n telephone poles each 100 meters apart. 2.1 Top-Down Approach. Exclusive offers can be provided to our target group via direct mail, allowing us to personalize the buying (e) It can be calculated readily from frequency distributions with the open end classes. The result will not be affected even when the distribution has an open end. It does not necessarily follow, however, that outliers should be excluded from the final data summary, or that they always result from an erroneous measurement. We're not around right now. It is the most popular central tendency as it is easy to understand. WebThe disadvantages of mean, mode, and median are the same as their advantages: they are simple, not sophisticated enough to use when comparing data sets. The average value of the difference between the third and the first quartiles is termed as the Quartile Deviation. Expert Answer Meaning of Dispersion: Dispersion is the extent to which values in a distribution differ from the average of the distribution. (e) The relevant measure of dispersion should try to include all the values of the given variable. On the other hand, direct mail canbe easily disregarded and is potentially expensive. The variance is mathematically defined as the average of the squared differences from the mean. (c) It is considerably affected by the extreme values of the given variable. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. However, it is not statistically efficient, as it does not make use of all the individual data values. Consider the following three datasets:(1) 5, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 45(2) 5, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 45(3) 5, 5, 5, 25, 45, 45, 45. This is important to know the spread of your data when describing your data set. (h) It can tactfully avoid the complication of considering negative algebraic sign while calculating deviations. Skew. They may give a value of variation, which may not be practically found with the items of the series. Advantage 2: Easy to work with and use in further analysis. Moreover, the results of the absolute measure gets affected by the number of observations obtainable on the given variable as they consider only the positive differences from their central value (Mean/Median). Take the square root of the value in #5, which will give the standard deviation. Dispersion is the degree of scatter of variation of the variables about a central value. It holds for a large number of measurements commonly made in medicine. (a) Quartile deviation as a measure of dispersion is not much popularly prescribed by the statisticians. This curve actually shows the prevailing nature of income distribution among our sample respondents. 2.1 Top-Down Approach. Q1 is the middle value in the first half of the rank-ordered data set. Here, we are interested to study the nature and the exact degree of economic inequality persisting among these workforces. For example, the number 3 makes up part of data set B, this score is not similar in the slightest to the much higher mean score of 49.. Range only considers the smallest and 1. ), Consider the following table of scores:SET A354849344240SET B32547507990. 32,980,12567,33000,99000,545,1256,9898,12568,32984, Step 1: We arrange these observations in ascending order. In March-April, 2001-02, with the aid of the above figures, we can now derive the required Lorenz-Curve in the following way: Here, the Gini Coefficient (G). A moment's thought should convince one that n-1 lengths of wire are required to link n telegraph poles. More specifically, if there are an odd number of observations, it is the [(n+1)/2]th observation, and if there are an even number of observations, it is the average of the [n/2]th and the [(n/2)+1]th observations. Measures of dispersion describe the spread of the data. 2. the values of the variable are scattered within 11 units. Dispersion is the degree of scatter of variation of the variables about a central value. Range only considers the smallest and largest data elements in the set. But the greatest objection against this measure is that it considers only the absolute values of the differences in between the individual observations and their Mean or Median and thereby further algebraic treatment with it becomes impossible. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of each one and, from your own thinking, write down an instance of when each one would be appropriate to use. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. They facilitate in making further statistical analysis of the series through the devices like co-efficient of skewness, co-efficient of correlation, variance analysis etc. Quartile Deviation: While measuring the degree of variability of a variable Quartile Deviation is claimed to be another useful device and an improved one in the sense it gives equal importance or weightage to all the observations of the variable. They facilitate in controlling the variability of a phenomenon under his purview. This new, advert-free website is still under development and there may be some issues accessing content. WebThe high merit of this measure of dispersion is that it is simple to calculate. However, the meaning of the first statement is clear and so the distinction is really only useful to display a superior knowledge of statistics! Measures of dispersion provide information about the spread of a variable's values. It can be found by mere inspection. Therefore, the result can only be influenced with changes in those two values, not by any other value of the variable. Standard deviation is the best measure of central tendency because it comes with built-in indices that the other lack. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Therefore, the SD possesses almost all the prerequisites of a good measure of dispersion and hence it has become the most familiar, important and widely used device for measuring dispersion for a set of values on a given variable. If we are provided with homogeneous or equivalent observations on two or more but not on unlimited number of variables with their own standard deviations, we can easily derive their combined standard deviation. WebExpert Answer. They speak of the reliability, or dependability of the average value of a series. The Range is the difference between the largest and the smallest observations in a set of data. In such cases we might have to add systematic noise to such variables whose standard deviation = 0. WebClassification of Measures of Dispersion. (c) It is not a reliable measure of dispersion as it ignores almost (50%) of the data. Here the given observations are classified into four equal quartiles with the notations Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4. (e) It should be least affected from sampling fluctuations. Measures of central tendency A measure of central tendency is a summary statistic that denotes the center point or typical value of a dataset. Moreover, biofilms are highly This is one of the constraint we have on any sample data. Now split the data in two (the lower half and upper half, based on the median). Low kurtosis in a data set is an indicator that data has lack of outliers. ADVANTAGES OF INTERVIEWING It is the most appropriate method when studying attitudes, beliefs, values and motives of the respondents. Disadvantages of Coefficient of Variation 1. Spiegel, etc. Through this measure it is ensured that at least 50% of the observations on the variable are used in the calculation process and with this method the absolute value of the Quartile Deviation can easily be measured. Indeed, bacteria in biofilm are protected from external hazards and are more prone to develop antibiotic resistance. Covariance: Formula, Definition, Types, and Examples. It is this characteristic of the standard deviation which makes it so useful. (a) It involves complicated and laborious numerical calculations specially when the information are large enough. (d) To compute SD correctly, the method claims much moments, money and manpower. WebStart studying Year 1: Statistics Ch 2- Measures of location an spread. Its definition is complete and comprehensive in nature and it involves all the given observations of the variable. It is a common misuse of language to refer to being in the top quartile. Calculate the Coefficient of Quartile Deviation from the following data: To calculate the required CQD from the given data, let us proceed in the following way: Compute the Coefficient of Mean-Deviation for the following data: To calculate the coefficient of MD we take up the following technique. This concept of dispersion in statistics helps in the understanding of the distribution of data. WebExpert Answer. It includes all the scores of a distribution. Evaluation of using Standard Deviation as a Measure of Dispersion (AO3): (1) It is the most precise measure of dispersion. Consider below Data and find out if there is any OutLiers . 1.51, 1.53. Revision Note:In your exam, you will not be asked to calculate theStandard Deviationof a set of scores. Example : Distribution of Income- If the distribution of the household incomes of a region is studied, from values ranging between $5,000 to $250,000, most of the citizens fall in the group between $5,000 and $100,000, which forms the bulk of the distribution towards the left side of the distribution, which is the lower side. WebAdvantages and disadvantages of various measures of dispersion (Live Version) - YouTube KSSM MATHEMATICS FORM 4Measures of Dispersion for Ungrouped DataAdvantages and Standard deviation is often abbreviated to SD in the medical literature. Measures of location describe the central tendency of the data. It is measured as= (highest value lowest value) of the variable. In order to get the df for the estimate, you have to subtract 1 from the number of items. Calculation for the Coefficient of Mean-Deviation. The COVID-19 pandemic has also instigated the development of new ozone-based technologies for the decontamination of personal In this case mean is smaller than median. In this case mean is larger than median. obesity or high blood pressure) and in this case the distributions are usually unimodal. 3. This is the simplest measure of variability. For example, height might appear bimodal if one had men and women on the population. To eliminate all these deficiencies in the measurement of variability of the observations on a variable, we accept and introduce in respective situations the very concept of the Relative measures of dispersion as they are independent of their own units of measurement and hence they are comparable and again can be examined under a common scale when they are expressed in unitary terms. Outliers are single observations which, if excluded from the WebAdvantages and disadvantages of using CAD Advantages * Can be more accurate than hand-drawn designs - it reduces human error. If the skewness is between -0.5 and 0.5, the data are fairly symmetrical. Both metrics measure the spread of values in a dataset. WebThe major advantage of the mean is that it uses all the data values, and is, in a statistical sense, efficient. To study the exact nature of a distribution of a variable provided with a number of observations on it and to specify its degree of concentration (if any), the Lorenz Curve is a powerful statistical device. But you can send us an email and we'll get back to you, asap. For the data presented with their respective frequencies, the idea is to measure the same as the difference between the mid-values of the two marginal classes. 1.55, 1.55, 1.79. It is usual to quote 1 more decimal place for the mean than the data recorded. A symmetrical distribution will have a skewness of 0 . Again, in the case of a complex distribution of a variable with respective frequencies, it is not much easy to calculate the value of Range correctly in the above way. (b) It uses AM of the given data as an important component which is simply computable. Let us analyse this phenomenon in terms of a study based on the distribution of personal incomes of the chosen sample respondents that is how the total income of the entire workforce is shared by the different income classes. WebMeasures of location and measures of dispersion are two different ways of describing quantative variables measures of location known as average and measures of dispersion known as variation or spread. This method results in the creation of small nanoparticles from bulk material. We need to find the average squared deviation. This is a strength because it means that the standard deviation is the most representative way of understating a set of day as it takes all scores into consideration. However, the interquartile range and standard deviation have the following key difference: The interquartile range (IQR) is not affected by extreme outliers. Advantages and disadvantages of Quartile Deviation: (a) Quartile Deviation is easy to calculate numerically. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. It is a non-dimensional number. Users of variance often employ it primarily in order to take the square root of its value, which indicates the standard deviation of the data set. WebThere are various methods that can be used to measure the dispersion of a dataset, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. The range is the distinction between the greatest and the smallest commentary in the data. (c) It can be used safely *can be affected by what are the advantages of standard deviation? Webwhat are the advantages of standard deviation? Characteristics of an ideal measure of dispersion:- The characterstics for an ideal measure of 3. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Advantage: (1) It is the most precise measure of dispersion. Web1. Determine the Coefficient of Range for the marks obtained by a student in various subjects given below: Here, the highest and the lowest marks are 52 and 40 respectively. It can be used to compare distributions. A measure of central tendency (such as the mean) doesnt tell us a great deal about the spread of scores in a data set (i.e. sum of deviation = 0. (i) Calculate mean deviation about Arithmetic Mean of the following numbers: Let us arrange the numbers in an increasing order as 15, 30, 35, 50, 70, 75 and compute their AM as: AM = 15 + 30 + 35 + 50 + 70 + 75/6 = 275/6. Toggle Advantages and disadvantages subsection 5.1 Advantages. Let us consider two separate examples below considering both the grouped and the ungrouped data separately. Demerits: Let us offer a suitable example of it to measure such a degree of income inequality persisting among the weavers of Nadia, W.B. (b) Calculation for QD involves only the first and the third Quartiles. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Without statistical modeling, evaluators are left, at best, with eye-ball tests or, at worst, gut-feelings of whether one system performed better than another. (f) The result finally achieved should be least affected by sampling fluctuations. The standard deviation is a statistic that measures the dispersion of a dataset relative to its mean and is calculated as the square root of the variance. In the process of variable selection, we can look at those variable whose standard deviation is equal to 0 and we can ignore such independent variables. 46 can be considered to be a good representation of this data (the mean score is not too dis-similar to each individual score in the data set). from a research paper relevant in this context. It is thus known as the Curve of Concentration. KSSM MATHEMATICS FORM 4Measures of Dispersion for Ungrouped DataAdvantages and disadvantages of various measures of dispersionExample 10 Example 11Page 224(Live version)Please post your math-related questions here:https://www.messenger.com/t/olzenmathsMy Facebook PageOlzen Mathematics 2020https://www.facebook.com/olzenmaths/SPM Mathematics Revisionhttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkQXp7Lpcc5vjES5ilKAmpqxnr_ksmD0nhttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkQXp7Lpcc5vq6Gvr7XxTA74pGo2tnv2hhttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkQXp7Lpcc5tibouEfmmJMxVpepXTVO7ASPM Trial 2019 Mathematics (Penang)https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkQXp7Lpcc5sen1xdtmUOeBCnWUkQo6tlKBSM Mathematics Form 4 The Straight Linehttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkQXp7Lpcc5uRnZeuuLmeH2uCRvsI1FWTSetshttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkQXp7Lpcc5tCU4z6cHRyb8edITHnlz4dMathematical Reasoninghttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkQXp7Lpcc5tHoLE6SmXeMgJLfR-ppfLJKBSM Mathematics Form 5Chapter 1: Number Baseshttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkQXp7Lpcc5uM44q_Lh9qvTMlP37z48i_Chapter 3: Transformations IIIhttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkQXp7Lpcc5vsAJJYlJNnhYS8uMSWPLr8Chapter 4: Matriceshttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkQXp7Lpcc5uFlFo3EAQaQO8FzKLVEltZChapter 5: Variationshttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkQXp7Lpcc5uWR1FgOFS3I0659p1KiAIiChapter 6: Gradient and Area under a Graphhttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkQXp7Lpcc5uLywl9PNUk7L3vKn1Q94kRChapter 7: Probability IIhttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkQXp7Lpcc5vY4Qk6YKlhgt2RJnh49_uwChapter 8: Bearinghttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkQXp7Lpcc5sCBEcZtLLeRbCjMBN0WsQwChapter 9: Earth as a Spherehttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkQXp7Lpcc5sPJiCh5HrCyEsfTn9C0qfIChapter 10: Plans and Elevationshttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkQXp7Lpcc5trEPI6kI7qGIuyKq_qSVNFKSSM Mathematics Form 4Chapter 1: Quadratic Functions and Equations in One Variablehttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkQXp7Lpcc5uuLRIaZvhC6c7wy2Y2wAQxChapter 2: Number Baseshttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkQXp7Lpcc5uM44q_Lh9qvTMlP37z48i_Chapter 3: Logical Reasoninghttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkQXp7Lpcc5tW1FV9X0xuJiIoJWPzmR47Chapter 4: Operations on Setshttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkQXp7Lpcc5t-vZJwjM-SwwHlnPXN3Y3aChapter 5: Network in Graph Theoryhttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkQXp7Lpcc5sC3Ou4Z9_C1Mzc1AFLPbkCChapter 6: Linear Inequalities in Two Variableshttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkQXp7Lpcc5tOjdt-dYMSGrjNXplO9zEqChapter 7: Graphs of Motionhttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkQXp7Lpcc5sEQG0GawrUUABSN9vF-nT5Chapter 8: Measures of Dispersion for Ungrouped Datahttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkQXp7Lpcc5uSKEYCI0cfnU4OWTtpaLrWChapter 9: Probability of Combined Eventshttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkQXp7Lpcc5sAEsiFLHqo8ppw-D4oZo4Jhttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkQXp7Lpcc5vY4Qk6YKlhgt2RJnh49_uwChapter 10: Consumer Mathematics: Financial Managementhttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkQXp7Lpcc5sR0fJUZSsbU7eh7X9kmT54Additional MathematicsLinear Programminghttps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkQXp7Lpcc5vZk4_ncie9c6fqgCf_Fhn3 As stated above, the range is calculated by subtracting the smallest value in the data set from the largest value in the data set. SD of a set of observations on a variable is defined as the square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of deviations from their arithmetic mean. In order to avoid such limitations, we use another better method (as it is claimed) of dispersion known as the Mean Deviation. Range is simply the difference between the smallest and largest values in the data. The prime advantage of this measure of dispersion is that it is easy to calculate. Not all measures of central tendency and not all measures of disper- Dispersion can also be expressed as the distribution of data. On the other hand, it has lot of disadvantages. If outliers are present it may give a distorted impression of the variability of the data, since only two observations are included in the estimate. For some data it is very useful, because one would want to know these numbers, for example knowing in a sample the ages of youngest and oldest participant. The major advantage of the mean is that it uses all the data values, and is, in a statistical sense, efficient. When it comes to releasing new items, direct mail may be a very effective method. However, validation of equipment is possible to prove that its performing to a standard that can be traced. For example, if we had entered '21' instead of '2.1' in the calculation of the mean in Example 1, we would find the mean changed from 1.50kg to 7.98kg. Defined as the difference (CV) is a measure of the dispersion of data points around the mean in a series. While going in detail into the study of it, we find a number of opinions and definitions given by different renowned personalities like Prof. A. L. Bowley, Prof. L. R. Cannon, Prog. Economists and other social scientists very often opine that inequality in the distribution of income and wealth among the individuals in a society is a common phenomenon today all over the world mainly due to our aimless and unbalanced growth policies framed by the concerned authorities, called growth without development today in economics, resulting in rise in GDP but no significant rise in the per-capita income of the people at large. WebDownload Table | Advantages and Disadvantages of Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion* from publication: Clinicians' Guide to Statistics for Medical Practice and The measure of dispersion is categorized as: (i) An absolute measure of dispersion: The measures express the scattering of observation in terms of distances i.e., range, quartile deviation. 2.1 Top-Down Approach. WebThe product has the characteristics of fine particle size, narrow particle size distribution, smooth particle surface, regular particle shape, high purity, high activity, good dispersion, and low temperature rise in crushing; the disadvantages are high equipment manufacturing costs, large one-time investment, and high energy consumption. It is thus considered as an Absolute Measure of Dispersion. Does variability really matter? Thus, the distribution of most people will be near the higher extreme, or the right side. It is not only easy to compute, it takes into account all the given values of the variable and again the final result remains almost unaffected from any remarkably high value of the variable under consideration. This is a weakness as it would make data analysis very tedious and difficult. Only extreme items reflect its size. Here are the steps to calculate the standard deviation:1. Merits and Demerits of Measures of Dispersion. Welcome to EconomicsDiscussion.net! (d) The algebraic treatment used in the process should easily be applicable elsewhere. The squared deviations cannot sum to zero and give the appearance of no variability at all in the data. The calculation of the standard deviation is described in Example 3. In order to calculate the standard deviation use individual data score needs to be compared to the mean in order to calculate the standard deviation. Uses They include the mean, median and mode. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. (d) It remains unaffected from the extreme values of the variable. They include the range, interquartile range, standard deviation and variance. The values that divide each part are called the first, second, and third quartiles; and they are denoted by Q1, Q2, and Q3, respectively. They are liable to misinterpretations, and wrong generalizations by a statistician of based character. The Range, as a measure of Dispersion, has a number of advantages and disadvantage. Variance. Measures of Dispersion: Standard Deviation: In order to summarise a set of scores, a measure of central tendency is important, but on its own it is not enough. Next add each of the n squared differences. The smaller SD does not mean that that group of participants scored less than the other group it means that their scores were more closely clustered around the mean and didnt vary as much. Conventionally, it is denoted by another Greek small letter Delta (), also known as the average deviation.. Using other methods of dispersion, such as measuring the interquartile range, the difference between the 25th and 75th percentile, provide a better representation of dispersion in cases where outliers are involved. Note in statistics (unlike physics) a range is given by two numbers, not the difference between the smallest and largest. The (arithmetic) mean, or average, of n observations (pronounced x bar) is simply the sum of the observations divided by the number of observations; thus: \(\bar x = \frac{{{\rm{Sum\;of\;all\;sample\;values}}}}{{{\rm{Sample\;size}}}} = \;\frac{{\sum {x_i}}}{n}\). Lets Now Represent It in a Diagramitically . WebThe benefits of the Gini coefficient are described as: mean independence (if all incomes were doubled, the measure would not change), population size independence (if the population were to change, the measure of inequality should not change, all else equal), symmetry (if any two people swap incomes, there should be no change in the measure of Moreover, biofilms are highly Mean Deviation: Practically speaking, the Range and the Quartile deviation separately cannot provide us the actual measurement of the variability of the values of a variable from their mean because they cannot ideally express the central value and the extent of scatteredness of those values around their average value. For all these reasons. a. One drawback to variance is that it gives added weight to outliers, the numbers that are far from the mean. Again, the concept of Range cannot provide us any idea about the nature of distribution of the concerned variable and practically it is not possible for us to determine the final result for opened classes. How much wire would one need to link them? The estimate of the median is either the observation at the centre of the ordering in the case of an odd number of observations, or the simple average of the middle two observations if the total number of observations is even. You may have noticed that you see a rainbow only when you look away from the Sun. Disadvantages : It is very sensitive to outliers and does not use all the If the skewness is between -1 and -0.5(negatively skewed) or between 0.5 and 1(positively skewed), the data are moderately skewed. Measures of Location and Dispersion and their appropriate uses, 1c - Health Care Evaluation and Health Needs Assessment, 2b - Epidemiology of Diseases of Public Health Significance, 2h - Principles and Practice of Health Promotion, 2i - Disease Prevention, Models of Behaviour Change, 4a - Concepts of Health and Illness and Aetiology of Illness, 5a - Understanding Individuals,Teams and their Development, 5b - Understanding Organisations, their Functions and Structure, 5d - Understanding the Theory and Process of Strategy Development, 5f Finance, Management Accounting and Relevant Theoretical Approaches, Past Papers (available on the FPH website), Applications of health information for practitioners, Applications of health information for specialists, Population health information for practitioners, Population health information for specialists, Sickness and Health Information for specialists, 1. It also means that researchers can spend more time interpretating and drawing inferences from the data as oppose to calculating and analysing. We thus express the magnitude of Range as: Range = (highest value lowest value) of the variable. WebBacterial infections are a growing concern to the health care systems. Disadvantage 2: Not suitable for time series Divide the sum in #4 by (n 1). Here lies the superiority of the Relative Measures over the Absolute Measures of dispersion. They indicate the dispersal character of a statistical series. Advantages. (1) It requires the mean to be the measure of central tendency and therefore, it can only be used with interval data, because ordinal and nominal data does not have a mean. what are the disadvantages of standard deviation? Alow standard deviation scoreindicates that the data in the set are similar (all around the same value like in the data set A example above). The required Range is 54.5 4.5 = 50 or the observations on the variable are found scattered within 50 units. WebA measure of dispersion tells you the spread of the data. Usually in this case mean and median are equal. The concept of Range is, no doubt, simple and easy enough to calculate, specially when the observations are arranged in an increasing order. Example : Retirement Age When the retirement age of employees is compared, it is found that most retire in their mid-sixties, or older. By definition it is the Arithmetic mean of the absolute deviations of the individual values of the given variable from their average value (normally the mean or the median).
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