-Halogen desk lamps In addition to chemical, nonradioactive carcinogens, tobacco and tobacco smoke contain small amounts of lead-210 and . Lower frequency radiation, consisting of ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), microwave (MW), Radio Frequency (RF), and extremely low frequency (ELF) are types of non-ionizing radiation . This contrasts with ionizing radiation like x-rays, gamma rays and alpha particles, which come from the other end of the spectrum and are . Public Health Rep. 95, 451 (1980). Ionizing radiation includes radon, x-rays, gamma rays, and other forms of high-energy radiation. Specific facts and circumstances may affect the applicability of concepts, materials, and information described herein. At its natural state and at room temperature, it is a PubMed. Tobacco, Cigarette Smoke, and Selected Human Organs," Public Health Rep. Due to decay of polonium-210, the annual local dose to localized spots at the bifurcations of segmental bronchi in the lungs caused by smoking cigarettes (1.5 packs/day) is about 80 mSv/year. polonium. Emission of alpha-particle radiation from polonium-210 can cause damage to growing cells near the surface of lung tissues. I understand that these are complex calculations with many variables. Report 160 (Table 5.6) gives an average annual effective dose of 18 uSv for one cigarette per day. Both parents of a boy are phenotypically normal, but their son suffers from hemophilia, a sex-linked recessive disorder. If one consider these factos, the Sieverts obtained are about 500 smaller than the value you get by assuming that all the polonium is absorbed in the lungs. smoking has decreased overtime, smoking has resulted in billions of [4] Tobacco plants also absorb There are some elements with no stable form that are always radioactive, such as uranium. A more comprehensive answer is provided below by Ray Johnson: Radioactive materials, like polonium-210 and lead-210 are found naturally in the soil and air. It can . They tend to travel only a short distance and do not penetrate very far into a tissue, if at all. Radon-222 is the most important and most stable isotope of radon. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. IRPA/INIRC recommends a continuous MPE of 1000 mG (0.1 mT) for exposure to uncontrolled environments over a lifetime. 81, 121 (1966). A Michelson interferometer uses red light with a wavelength of 656.45 nm from a hydrogen discharge lamp. Submit Feedback, Email: ehs@berkeley.edu Phone:(510) 642-3073 Fax:(510) 643-7595, Emergency:911(or)dial from a cell phone for campus police in an emergency (510) 642-3333, Safety Training Assessment & Records Tool (START), Copyright 2023 UC Regents; all rights reserved, Non-coherent UV, Visible, Infrared Radiation. NOTE: The ACGIH recommends the electrical field for persons wearing cardiac pacemakers not exceed 1.0 kV/m. Most people know that cigarette smoke and tobacco contain many toxic substances including tar, arsenic, nicotine and cyanide.The common dangers of cigarettes have been known for decades. Many researchers believe that doses of polonium-210 are the origin of the high incidence of lung cancer among smokers. The radiation interacts readily with surfaces and can easily deposit energy in human tissues. Dr. O is building an entire video library that will allow anyone to learn Microbiology and Anatomy & Physiology for free. of smokers who have died of lung cancer have absorbed about 80-100 rads dollars in direct medical care for adults and lost productivity. US tobacco is more radioactive than others, possibly because of our use of slightly more radioactive fertilizers. Toxic chemicals in tobacco smoke are the main reason cigarettes cause cancer, but radiation also plays a part. About 20 percent of all deaths in the United States are from tobacco use and diseases caused by smoking each year - that's around 440,000 people. Sources - x-rays, radioactive material produce alpha, beta, and gamma radiation, cosmic rays from the sun and space. The tar from tobacco builds up on the bronchioles and traps even more of these particles. Cigarette makers flagged the problem internally by the 1960s and . Ultraviolet radiation (UVA, UVB, UVC). Figure 3 shows the various units that I defined for this problem solution. Examples of this kind of radiation are radio waves, visible light and microwaves. As far as my own research was able to ascertain, the last comprehensive work dealing with this subject . Non-ionizing radiation (NIR) refers to electromagnetic radiation with insufficient energy to release a bound electron from an atom. Smokers exposed to radon are more likely to develop lung cancer than non-smokers. -Lightning Extremely low frequency (ELF) radiation does not appear to produce many discernible short-term health effects. Radon-222 is a gas produced by the decay of radium-226. Children's developing lungs are more easily damaged by secondhand smoke. This website does not use any proprietary data. The decay products include radioactive elements lead-210 and polonium-210. Lead-210 and polonium-210 emit mostly alpha and gamma radiation. Microwave theory can be applied to an analysis of the radiation field. Khater AEM. other forms of tobacco, smokeless tobacco also contain radioactive When a smoker lights a cigarette and inhales the tobacco smoke, the toxic and radioactive substances in the smoke enter the lungs where they can cause direct and immediate damage to the cells and tissues. Manage Settings The polonium-210, the decay product of lead-210, emits a 5.3 MeV alpha particle, which provides most of the equivalent dose. First Known Use. result, polonium builds up leading to greater and longer exposures to Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Figure 5: Characteristics of Polonium-210. Polonium-210 emits a 5.3 MeV alpha particle, which provides most of the equivalent dose. Our Website follows all legal requirements to protect your privacy. Figure 4: Weighting of the Different Radiation Types. So, if being unlikely to get a decent life insurance policy wasn't enough to keep you from giving up tobacco then hopefully this revelation will do the trick! [2] Studies reveal that Po-210, Pb-210, and small On this basis, a single pack of 20 cigarettes would result in an effective dose of 1 Sv. neutrons). [5] However, for smokers who are exposed to small Unlike ionizing radiation, non-ionizing radiation does not remove electrons from atoms or molecules of materials that include air, water, and living tissue. Ionizing radiation sends out extremely high energy, which may pose a health risk. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. 1. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. Our main exposure to ionizing radiation in manmade sources is through the use of diagnostic medical exams. when ingested. EH&S is working in partnership with theOffice of Emergency Management,University Health Services (UHS),andcampus leadershipto help keep the UC Berkeley community healthy and safe. in cigarettes that cause result in health risks, like the 70 other It can come from unstable atoms that undergo radioactive decay, or it can be produced by machines. Since I know very little about the biological hazards associated with radiation, I have some learning to do. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. My overall objective is to build some tools to help me understand the effects that radiation in space and on Mars have on people. Tobacco - Smoking Cigarettes - Radiation Dose. Joule/kilogram = 100 rad). They also harm people exposed to secondhand smoke. The steady state level is reached when the 210Po that decays each day is exactly cancelled by the amount of 210Po that is being inhaled every day. What fraction of the couples children are likely to suffer from hemophilia? Infrared radiation (the source of heat in heat lamps used for keeping food warm Radiation in Tobacco, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)external icon. Intense light (damage to eyesight) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRIs) and ultrasound technology are examples of diagnostic exams that do not involve exposure to ionizing radiation. Literally thousands of x-ray machines are used daily in medicine. Cigarette smoke and tobacco contain many toxic substances unnatural to However, the most common modality of imaging with x-rays, gamma . 160; 2009. p237 These low levels of exposure vary with location, altitude and type of building materials used in home construction. CDC estimates that cigarettes and tobacco use kill more Americans each year than alcohol, car accidents, suicide, AIDS, homicide, and illegal drugs combined. Radioactive elements emit ionizing radiation as their atoms undergo radioactive decay. J. R. Lamarsh, A. J. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1. Nearby non-smokers inhale the radionuclides as well. Depending on solubility of the radionuclides, they may also be carried to other organs including the kidney, liver, bone marrow, and spleen. Polonium-210 is used mainly in static eliminators, devices Since lead-210 is a weak beta emitter, it does not cause major doses, but polonium-210 does. would normally get rid of this built up gunk in the airways. Distance from the radioactive source Information on radioactivity in tobacco products was recently reported in a book by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States, Report No. This compares to a natural background level of about 3 mSv per year. >. Low frequency sources of non-ionizing radiation are not known to present health risks. Gamma rays can pass completely through the human body; as they pass through, they can cause damage to tissue and DNA.. Radioactive decayoccurs inunstable atomscalled radionuclides. other than typesetting and referencing guidelines. Radiation Dosimetry. Other man-made 1%, Inert, colorless, and extremely toxic gas Because of their use in medicine, almost everyonehas heard of x-rays. "Polonium-210: A Volatile Radioelement in Cigarettes," Science JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. There are different forms of radiation and they have different properties and effects. New York, 2010. Both thermal and photochemical (biological) effects are possible from exposures (depending on wavelength). Examples of this kind of radiation are radio waves, visible light and microwaves. In general, there is poor energy deposition in human tissue but thermal and induced current (biological) effects are possible. ", Anthropogenic (man-made) Sources of Ionizing Radiation, X-rays and other procedures used in medicine (medical tests and therapies), Particulate energy (e.g., highly energetic protons, neutrons, and and particles). For more information on the electromagnetic spectrum, click here. Center for statistical processing of health data, publications and education; Department for statistical processing and analysis of health data and keeping records; Department of IT Management in Health and archiving of medical data Radiation and health Radiation and health We work to strengthen radiation protection of the public, patients and workers worldwide. They travel farther in air than alpha particles, but can be stopped by a layer of clothing or by a thin layer of a substance such as aluminum. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Bethesda, MD: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements; NCRP Report No. - Knut-Olaf Haustein 2013-03-14 "Science tends to generalize, and generaliza tions mean simplifications . There are several forms of radiation, including ionizing and nonionizing. It has also been shown to interfere with DNA replication. Enforcement of these regulations falls to Cal-OSHA, who inspects campus facilities to determine compliance with Title 8. These guidelines are intended to limit the potential health effects of extremely low frequency (ELF is all frequencies below 3 kHz) radiation exposure. has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, thus creating ions. - Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) One of the ways I learn about a subject is to work through problems from the various online and library references that are available. Here is a list of the types of ionizing radiation: High-energy ultraviolet light X-rays Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles Neutrons High-energy protons Charged atomic nuclei from cosmic rays and the Sun Positrons and other antimatter Background radiation Ionizing Radiation Health Effects permission to copy, distribute and display this work in unaltered form, Ionizing radiation is a form of energy that acts by removing electrons from atoms and molecules of materials that include air, water, and living tissue. Tobacco, tobacco smoke and nicotine are not radiation so therefore the use of the terms "ionizing" and "nonionizing" are meaningless, but they are mutagens. EPAs mission in radiation protection is to protect human health and the environment from the ionizing radiation that comes from human use of radioactive elements. Both thermal and induced current (biological) effects are possible from exposures. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. I highlighted the isotopes mentioned above. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. X-rays are similar to gamma rays in that they are photons of pure energy. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. There are two broad types of radiation, non-ionizing and ionizing. Non-ionizing radiation is a form of radiation with less energy than ionizing radiation. (Roentgen equivalent in man) A measure of radiation dose related to biological effect. Ionizing radiation is a natural part of the environment in which we live and is present in the earth, buildings, food we eat, and even in the bones of our bodies. - Lens opacities, Osha 30 Construction stairways and ladders, Cells of the Mononuclear Phagocyte System, Julie S Snyder, Linda Lilley, Shelly Collins. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. amounts of the chemical over an extended period of time, there is For more information on x-rays and other forms of medical imaging, click here. The higher frequencies of EM radiation, consisting of x-rays and gamma rays, are types of ionizing radiation. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Some tobacco products, like cigarettes, are . Estimate your yearly dose from the most common sources of ionizing radiation with this interactive online dose calculator. The Swedish government has established a performance-based emission standard for computer monitor manufacturers (the MPR-II Standard allows a MPE of 2.5 mG), but the safety need for this standard has not been accepted by the international scientific community. Donatella Desideri and colleagues (2007) estimated that 20 cigarettes would result in an inhalation of 80 +/- 30 mBq each of polonium-210 and lead-210. You can track the number and type of these medical diagnostic exams that you receive on a regular basis so that you can know your history and share this with your medical provider. Only power density (S) measurements are normally considered in the hazard analysis. How much ionizing radiation am I exposed to? Advertisement Answer nonionizing radiation. I was just interested in where a number in the Wikipedia came from apparently they used a similar analysis. [2] For lungs, smokers were found to have 3.16 times more 35.7% in the total cigarette. ISBN-13: 978-3527411764. Acid reflux from the stomach causes metaplasia to nonciliated, mucin-producing columnar cells (better able to handle the stress of acid, .2). It also offers provides information and resources to help people stop smoking. 20. Exposures usually occur in the near field where the E and H fields are not coupled. This standard agrees with the permissible magnetic flux exposure for persons wearing cardiac pacemakers recommended by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Medical exams that use ionizing radiation include: Ionizing radiation can penetrate the human body and the radiation energy can be absorbed in tissue. The radium-226 that accumulates on the tobacco leaves predominantly emits alpha and gamma radiation. Factors that affect the amount of radiation exposure: The total amount of time exposed to the radioactive source However, depending on the wavelength/frequency and the irradiance (or power density) value, NIR sources may present a human health hazard. However, few people know that tobacco also contains radioactive materials: polonium-210 and lead-210. Radon can seep into houses, schools and other buildings through cracks in the foundation. These two radionuclides may be collected from airborne deposition on tobacco leaves or taken up from the ground through the root system. The unit is the roentgen (R). Nuclear and Particle Physics. If the pressure of the carbon dioxide in the bottle is 152kPa152 \mathrm{kPa}152kPa, what is the total pressure of the gases in the bottle? Ionizing radiation is a form of energy that acts by removing electrons from atoms and molecules of materials that include air, water, and living tissue. of Cancer, Radiation, and the Tobacco Industry," Isis 100, 453 Saving Lives, Protecting People, Radiation in Tobacco, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), CDC: Cigarette Smoking, Asbestos Exposure and Your Health, National Cancer Society: Learn About Cancer, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Information for Pregnant Women and Children, Radiation in Healthcare: Bone Density (DEXA Scan), Frequently Asked Questions about Cell Phones and Your Health, Wearable Computers and Wearable Technology, Radiation from the Earth (Terrestrial Radiation), Other Factors that Influence Health Effects, Removal of Radioactive Material (Decontamination), Dose Reconstruction Activities and the Cold War, Feasibility Study of Weapons Testing Fallout, Radioactive Fallout from Global Weapons Testing, CDC Activities, Resources, Health Studies & Recommendations, Radiation Emergencies Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ), Radiation Emergencies Health Information for Specific Groups, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. . Magnetic resonance imaging relies on the emission modality of imaging, as it records emitted secondary rf waves. Together, the toxic and radioactive substances in cigarettes harm smokers. Circuit theory can be applied to an analysis of the radiation field. The information posted on this web page is intended as general reference information only. One of the largest accidents was at a nuclear facility in Chernobyl, Ukraine in 1986. The primary functions of the Program Area Committee are to analyze mechanisms of interaction of nonionizing radiation with biological systems, including humans, and to identify biological responses and potential human health effects. NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Lee, Jaewon; Kim, Kyunghyun; Cho, Sung-Won; Chung, Ch Optical theory can be applied to an analysis of the radiation field. Word History. damaging and fatal. The other type of radiation is known as non-ionizing radiation and this includes UV light, radio waves and microwaves. Forum participants say the same deceptive tactics used by the tobacco industry to hide the dangers of cigarette smoking are . 160, 3 March 2009. Saving Lives, Protecting People, Radiation from space (cosmic and solar radiation), Radiation from the earth (terrestrial radiation), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Information for Pregnant Women and Children, Radiation in Healthcare: Bone Density (DEXA Scan), Frequently Asked Questions about Cell Phones and Your Health, Wearable Computers and Wearable Technology, Radiation from the Earth (Terrestrial Radiation), Other Factors that Influence Health Effects, Removal of Radioactive Material (Decontamination), Dose Reconstruction Activities and the Cold War, Feasibility Study of Weapons Testing Fallout, Radioactive Fallout from Global Weapons Testing, CDC Activities, Resources, Health Studies & Recommendations, Radiation Emergencies Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ), Radiation Emergencies Health Information for Specific Groups, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. The sticky underside of tobacco leaves hold radionuclides that come from fertilizer. This type of radiation resonates (forms standing waves) in tissue dimensions with multiples of 1/2 wavelength (depending on the tissue orientation to the wave plane). Yes, that too. EH&S provides guidance and services to the campus community that promote health, safety, and environmental stewardship. Consult with your health care professional on matters of how an exam will help and whether another test that does not contain ionizing radiation may provide the same benefit. However, all elements have an unstable form. It is the first of two IARC Monographs volumes on various kinds of non-ionizing radiation. Glasstone, Sesonske. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Stay away from secondhand smoke as much as you can. Long-term consequences: -Adequate human data supporting carcinogenesis Natural sources of ionizing radiation usually release ionizing radiation at low levels, which also means the amounts of radiation absorbed by our bodies (doses) is usually small. Chapter 5 of this book addresses consumer products and activities. Secondhand Tobacco Smoke and Smoke-free Homes. To help avoid health effects from chemicals and radiation in tobacco products: : Information in traditional Chinese. [3] B. Rego, "The Polonium Brief: A Hidden History It's the same substance that poisoned the Russian Alexander Litvinenko in London two years ago. The element is found in the earth's crust and in small amounts Knoll, Glenn F., Radiation Detection and Measurement 4th Edition, Wiley, 8/2010. The fact radon is gas plays a crucial role in the spreading of all its daughter nuclei. Proportional distribution of the sources of radiation exposure, Radon 43% You have probably heard plenty of reasons not to smoke or use other tobacco products, but here is one more: The tobacco used to make these tobacco products contains small amounts of radionuclides. Simply ionizing radiation can knock electrons from an atom. The EH&S Resources and Guides Library includes Fact Sheets,Job Safety Analysis (JSA), Forms, Program Documents, Manuals, Checklists, Reports,Lessons Learned, and more. There's ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation. -Sunbathing. Exposure of the population to ionizing radiation from medical procedures is the second largest source of exposure, about 40% [1] Although the percentage of Extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field exposures result from proximity to electric power transmission lines, household wiring, and electric appliances and are . Williams. Radiation. UVR coming from the sun is subdivided into UVA, UVB, and UVC, depending upon the wave length of the light. of radiation. Ionizing radiation can fall into two categories: natural and manmade. A quantity used to indicate the amount of ionization in air produced by X- or gamma-ray radiation. [2] Although we are aware that tobacco smoke are the main harms of cigarettes that is significant in the development of lung cancer, radiation also plays a role. CDC twenty four seven. My calculations use the same approach as David Gillies in his forum posting. The Cookies Statement is part of our Privacy Policy. The presence of hazardous agents in workplaces has raised concerns regarding their possible impacts on male reproductive system. Abstract. author. Non-Ionizing Radiation (Non-Laser) Manual The modern world is full of devices that, either directly or indirectly, act as sources of non-ionizing radiation (NIR). Ionizing radiation has so much energy it can knock electrons out of atoms, a process known as ionization. answered Cigarettes radiation in tobacco location Advertisement Answer 2 people found it helpful EzekielCally Answer: The radioactive particles settle in smokers' lungs, where they build up as long as the person smokes. Tobacco used to make cigarettes and other tobacco products contains small amounts of radioactive materials. The term radiation refers to "Energy traveling through space. Desideri D, Meli MA, Feduci L, Roselli C. 210Po and 210Pb inhalation by cigarette smoking in Italy. PAC 8: Nonionizing Radiation. For more information on possible health effects from radiation and radiation dose, click here. [2] Additionally, studies radioactive isotopes Po-210 and Pb-210, which become harmful to humans . Draw a pedigree that shows the genotypes of the three individuals. However, as with alpha-emitters, beta-emitters are most hazardous when they are inhaled or swallowed. Non-ionizing radiation is considered a possible human carcinogen, primarily due to concerns . -Welders' arcs Over time, the radiation can damage the lungs and help cause lung cancer. Causes long-term adverse health effects. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 and 2. This type of radiation can easily penetrate, but rarely deposit energy in tissue. X-rays can be produced naturally or by machines using electricity. [1] The health effect from exposure to alpha particles depends greatly on how a person is exposed. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. These sources produce NIR in the electromagnetic spectrum of wavelengths/frequencies ranging from 100 nm to static fields. The amount of these nuclides inhaled also depends on the amount transferred from the tobacco to the smoke or absorbed on filters. Natural sources of ionizing radiation include radioactive elements that are naturally in our body. In addition to chemical and nonradioactive carcinogens, tobacco and tobacco smoke contain small amounts of lead-210 and polonium-210, both of which are radioactive carcinogens. [3] As a Other examples of ionizing radiation include alpha, beta, and gamma rays from radioactive decay. have detected Po-210 in the airways of smokers, usually concentrated in Cox (proportional hazards) regression was used to examine the association. Non-ionising radiation Ionising Radiation Ionising radiation is radiation with sufficient energy that produces ions in matter at the molecular level upon the interaction. Occupational Exposures: Chemical Carcinogens and Mutagens offers a focused emphasis on chemical exposures associated with carcinogenic and mutagenic impacts along with associated controls for mitigating and con-trolling exposures. substances. half-life. mobile telephones, cordless phones, Bluetooth, and amateur radios), from occupational sources (e.g. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. -particle emission (an particle has has two protons and two The radioactive particles settle in smokers' lungs, where they build up as long as the person smokes. | Mass.gov Radiation Control Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) and LASERs offered by Trial Court Law Libraries They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. Nuclear Reactor Engineering: Reactor Systems Engineering, Springer; 4th edition, 1994, ISBN: 978-0412985317, W.S.C. Because tobacco is grown in soils fertilized by Phosphorous (radioactive) enriched materials, polonium-210 and lead-210 (radioactive) are resident in the tobacco leaves. from polonium radiation can cause damage to different organs and Tobacco smoke is a complex mixture of more than 5,300 identified chemicals. Feel free to reach out if there ar. Ionizing radiation, as you might imagine, is a high-energy kind of radiation that causes ions and free radicals to form. Your calculations, although formally correct, do not take into account the dose conversion coefficients, which depend on "parameters such as the inhalation speed through the mouth, the real fraction of radionuclide transferred from cigarette to mainstream smoke, the lung absorption behavior of the radioisotopes inhaled with mainstream smoke, etc" (from Taroni et al. Half of its radioactivity The goal of medical diagnostic imaging is for the benefits to far outweigh the risks. Martin, James E., Physics for Radiation Protection 3rd Edition, Wiley-VCH, 4/2013. 1900, in the meaning defined above. Non-ionizing radiation (NIR) refers to electromagnetic radiation that does not have sufficient energy to ionize (remove electrons from) atoms or molecules. Paul Reuss, Neutron Physics. However, the ICRP Interim Guidelines on Limits to 50/60 Hz Electric and Magnetic Fields are used by the campus as a precaution. the only contribution of cancer for smokers; there are other substances kill more Americans each year than alcohol, car accidents, homicide and . A closed, half-full bottle of pop contains carbon dioxide gas and water vapour, in addition to the pop. In general, NIR tends to be less hazardous to humans than ionizing radiation (ionizing radiation has a wavelength of less than 100 nm or a photon energy greater than 12.4 electron Volts). Studies reveal that the level of We provide Member States with evidence-based guidance, tools and technical advice on public health issues related to ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. Carcinogenesis and genetic damage such as changes in DNA are possible stochastic effects of radiation exposure. The modality used in imaging with non-ionizing radiation (light and microwaves) and sound (ultrasonic and sonar) is mainly that of scattering (reflection or refraction) of waves bouncing off surfaces and interfaces. (Author of the section on tobacco products in NCRP Report 160), Orhan H. Suleiman, MS, PhD This Volume of the IARC Monographs provides an evaluation of the carcinogenic hazards associated with exposure to electromagnetic radiation in the radiofrequency range (30 kHz to 300 GHz).
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