The Internet originated in 1969 when the U.S. Ministry of Defense, wanting to build a telecommunications network impervious to sabotage, found the best solution to be in utilizing the world wide telecommunications system, in which messages run through itineraries nearly undetected. One could distinguish a “theoretical informatics,” that is, the branch of applied mathematics that deals with the theory of algorithms (an “algorithm” is a sequence of operations capable of bringing about the solution to a problem in a finite number of steps) from the theory of formal languages and the theory of automation. In every computer, from the smallest handheld calculators (that is, those that fit into the palm of a hand) to the big mainframe computers, we can distinguish three fundamental parts: the unit of computation, the unit of memory, and the units of input and output. Notion is the way to go if you want collaboration. Information in the Context of the Relation between Human Beings and Machines 2. The concept of a “global village” is increasingly used by sociologists and scholars. The operating system is executed as the computer is switched on and then remains available to render the commands that come from the application programs “intelligible.”. The term "information" has an obvious ordinary use: from information we obtain in our interaction with the world, we are capable of acquiring knowledge about it. Notion … The di erent notions are however used within powerful and rich theories. This difference is in general small and, therefore, requires few bits. Located in United States. On the same level as natural language, a programming language is characterized by a “vocabulary” and a “syntax” according to which the “words” of the vocabulary are combined to form “propositions” that have a complete meaning. On the one hand, it deals with not transmitting more bits than the bare minimum: to not transmit “redundant” bits, that is to say, superfluous bits that do not contribute to the information. Focusing on this idea, Shannon defined "information" as minus the logarithm of the signal probability (Cover and Thomas, 1991), i.e.Information = i p log − where i p is the probability of signal i.Consequently, the information expected value of an n states system would be:Information = I = ∑ − i i p p log = -EntropyFor a two states system, its information expected value will be: I (for 2 states system) = = + p … In this case, one could harmlessly “compress” the message, thereby reducing the quantity of information. Contact Details. Ph.D. in Philosophy by Stanford University. Two important aspects appear hear. Inasmuch as finalism is a carrier of information, and in light of the relationship between information and knowledge, such a finality could be known (or acknowledged) by man, analogously to the knowledge of which he is the subject and producer. Perceptual knowledge is an information-dependent internal state with a content corresponding to the information producing it. Information is seen as an objective commodity defined by the dependency relations between distinct events. This interest becomes a necessity when the transmission rate is predetermined, as happens with television images. It also avoids many of the problems infecting traditional justificational accounts of knowledge (knowledge as [justified, true belief’). Thus, the information-form relation is a circular relation. There is also a “technical informatics,” which regards the construction of computers, and a “practical informatics,” which studies the specific ways in which many problems can be solved by computers, employing the various programming languages and other utility programs such as, for example, operating systems and databases. It might also be the case that ‘information’ is inde nable. Manuel Campos In fact, only a part of the host computers (not all) and part of the local connection lines are exclusively dedicated to the net; everything else is shared with other services. Notion’s biggest problems are likely to be quality related, and I give a few marketing and product ideas to solve them. If this order—recognized as coordination among the parts of a whole—was understood as something original, then it would manifest the “presence of information”; that is, it would reveal the universe as either a producer of, or a material support for, information. The mathematical formula adopted to measure the quantity (or the content) of information is identical to that used in thermodynamics to measure entropy, apart from a change of sign. It was, therefore, a new phase of codifying and decodifying, entrusted to “specialists” who knew nothing of the message they were transmitting but knew how to write in the alphabet of impulses that travelled through electrical cables, an alphabet that was in all likelihood indecipherable for the person who generated the message and the person who received it. of Universitat de Barcelona. The word “code” (with its derivations “coded” and “to codify”) is very important. Another example would be a message codified in binary form. ), Chiesa e comunicazione sociale: i documenti fondamentali (Turin: LDC, 1996); G. PANTEGHINI, Quale comunicazione nella Chiesa? They stop at the point of input, and are returned to the message by the person who receives and interprets it. Knowledge is then analyzed as information caused belief. The term "information" has been widely and increasingly used, but not always with a clear idea about its meaning. A quite interesting semantic extension of the concept and properties of information today is that which regards biology. They are used to permanently store parts of programs that are essential for the running of the machine and are destined to remain unchanged for all of its life. Hardware and software are the components of every electronic computer. It seems that the di erences of the notions cannot be integrated. Therefore information, in order to be received, must be situated within an adequate “framework of knowledge.” The formal structure, then, in which information must be placed so that it may be received, may be very complex. The memorization of information and its transmission over a distance have posed problems for codification that are worth exploring. Among the various types of memory units there is, first of all, the RAM (random access memory) from which the computing unit directly gets the data and to which it returns the data once the computation is completed. In the original workings of the telegraph, an operator would close and open a switch and so transcribe, by a succession of electrical impulses, a message that had been received in written form. Normally, it is contained in a microprocessor that also hosts the RAM. Rising interest in considering scientists’ activities as an extraction of a certain type of information contained in nature is witnessed by the modern debate about the intelligibility of natural laws and about the significance of the constants of nature. But information had assumed, in the 20th century, a completely different role and scope. The role of the “final cause” would appear if we asked ourselves, for example, what aim the technician proposes when he creates the paddle of the turbine, whether it is the production of electrical energy, the propulsion of an airplane, or something else, and what then would be the aim for which the airplane is destined. From the preceding considerations, and from the diverse list of meanings that the concept of information evokes, some important relationships seem to emerge. These expressions must then be rendered intelligible to the computer. Today, this aspect of the word’s meaning has declined but it has not been completely abandoned. This approach to, A description of natural signs and natural information is proposed that interprets the presence of natural information as an affordance for the particular animal or species that would interpret it. But it is also more: If we look at the code that represents and carries the information, we find that it also, inasmuch as it is a form, implements information that in itself contains a code of a higher level. In 1948, Claude Shannon (1916-2001) proposed a solution that, although in a very summary and schematic way, took account of this necessity “to measure” information with respect to the subject that receives it. Given the variation in their usage, it is necessary to begin with an analysis of these terms to clarify the use I will make of them in the course of the present study. ), Explorations in Communication: An Anthology (London: Cape, 1970); L. FLORIDI, L'estensione dell'intelligenza. In fact, if, in the first sense, the form actualizes the matter (as potency) giving rise to objects in the physical world, in the second sense form, regarding intelligibility, actualizes the (potential) intellect, giving rise to knowledge. 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