0000000891 00000 n endobj Polyphenols are a complicated group of plant-based chemicals. Tiny bubbles these can cause major issues, such as shorter lubricant life, increased fluid compressibility, lower fluid viscosity and cavitation. However, VI doesnt tell the whole story it only reflects the viscosity/temperature relationship between 40C and 100C. They have different characteristics, meaning that one may be superior to the other under certain circumstances. We agree, deciphering the requirements that allow you to identify your products as eco-friendly such as the upcoming BioPreferred label can be mind-boggling! Volatility is a concern for many applications, especially where higher operating temperatures occur or longer service life is desired. 0000135087 00000 n Not Available - Chemical compatibility information is not available at this time. The combination of air and oil can often lead to foaming issues. Specific tests such as the Volkswagen T-4, TDI and Peugeot TU-5 have increased the demand for higher-quality base oils. As fluids flow throughout the equipment, they travel through various lubrication regimes and shear environments, resulting in viscosity changes for non-Newtonian fluids. polyalphaolefin compatibility chart. The VI of PAOs typically only varies one to two points. endstream endobj 12 0 obj<>/Metadata 9 0 R/AcroForm 13 0 R/Pages 7 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 13 0 obj<>/Encoding<>>>>> endobj 14 0 obj<>/ColorSpace<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/Properties<>>>/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 15 0 obj[/ICCBased 38 0 R] endobj 16 0 obj<>stream JFIF Adobe d ##''$ %'% $('++++'()02520)7;;;;7;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ""2(! These advantages show that PAOs address problems other fluids cannot. It is not reactive at room temperatures, except by strong oxidizing agents, and some solvents cause swelling. Polyalphaolefins also have poor fire resistance and biodegradability. These properties translate into easier distribution of the grease and improved energy efficiency in the equipment. DuPont, the DuPont Oval Logo, and all trademarks and service marks denoted with , or are owned by affiliates of DuPont de Nemours, Inc. unless otherwise noted. uuid:df0b74fe-2082-ca4e-860d-fb6b88ddfe4d The vast number of high-quality base oil choices can be daunting when trying to balance fuel efficiency and wear protection. polyalphaolefin-based lubricants. 0000036005 00000 n Increased Recreational Boating Activities to Fuel Marine Lubricants Demand in the U.S. Biosynthetic Technologies Announces The Launch Of A New Line Of Oleo Derived Additives For Metalworking Fluid Applications, Fluitec Becomes World's First Industrial Lubricant Company to Achieve B Corp Certification, Unboxing: Mystik JT-9 LeakShield AW Hydraulic Oil, FS9V4 Particle Pal Plus w/ Atten2 Particle Counting & ID Technology, Shell Turbine Oil with Gas To Liquid Technology (Turbo S4 X & GX), Why machines fail and what you can do to prevent it, Developed in the 1930s; first commercial engine oils in 1970s, Made from ethylene gas; still crude oil/natural gas dependent, Higher temperature resistance than mineral oil, PAO up to approximately 160C (320F) continuous service; 270C (520F) intermittent, No wax content, therefore best low temperature of all synthetics (approximately minus 50C to minus 60C or minus 70F), Higher VI (approximately 130 to 140) than mineral oil (nearly 100), Less volatile than mineral oil (higher flash point, less flammable, lower hydrocarbon emissions), Polyalphaolefin base oil not necessarily less wear than mineral base oil (additive-dependent property), Problems very non-polar (low natural solvency, additive solubility, lower lubricity and, Must blend in 5 to 20 percent ester base oil for seal swell, additive solubility and lubricity, Costs four times more than mineral oil, less than other synthetics. Each lubricant type will be the best choice for different sets of use parameters, including: PAO-based lubricants may be preferred when the following lubricant attributes are targeted: PAG-based lubricants may be preferred when the following lubricant attributes are targeted: If end-users are in doubt about which lubricant would best suit their needs, it is recommended that an expert be contacted to assist with the decision-making process. The C12-derived PAOs were created to give better volatility, giving formulators four new options when choosing PAOs. Due to constraints with the supply of 1-decene, the traditional feedstock for PAOs, producers have experimented with alternative feedstocks to meet demand. <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 160 0 R/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 792.0 612.0]/Type/Page>> Level of maintenance and labor available. To improve fuel economy, OEMs are moving toward lower-viscosity oils, even in heavy-duty diesel engines. Galvanized steel is susceptible to attack by some chemicals which may cause . 97 0 obj This new system improves the viscosity properties, which should be more energy conserving and achieves the ultimate biodegradation rating ASTM D5864-PW1. Satisfactory to 120F (48C) Ratings: Chemical Effect A = Excellent. The key to unlocking the full potential of your formulation requires using the right combination and concentration of antioxidant and Synfluid PAO. However, these products have demonstrated unique advantages in Sequence IIIF, VW T4 and TDI tests due to many of the other properties that are inherent in them. Not necessarily. 0000034812 00000 n In both cases, the reduction in volatility will translate to lower oil consumption and reduced engine varnish over the life of the oil. SYNTHETIC OIL COMPATIBILITY WITH SEAL MATERIAL SEAL MATERIAL PAO ESTER POLYGLYCOL NEOPRENE OK NR NR VITON OK OK OK BUNA-N Less than 30% acrylonitrile OK NR NR 30-36% acrylonitrile OK OK OK Greater than 36% acrylonitrile OK OK OK CELCON OK OK OK TEFLON OK OK OK SILICONE OK OK OK NYLON . The more similar in polarity the lubricants are, the more similar they will behave in the properties mentioned. <> Chevron Phillips Chemicals proprietary manufacturing process and monomer selection combine to produce the groundbreaking performance characteristics that our customers expect from Synfluid polyalphaolefins. PAO-base oils help improve fuel economy in engine and drivetrain oils by reducing viscosity, volatility and traction coefficients as the chart below shows: These results show the potential for reducing friction loss using PAOs, which also typically have lower pressure-viscosity coefficients than mineral oils reducing elastohydrodynamic gear friction losses and energy consumption. Therefore, reducing the temperature is generally beneficial in extending the life of a lubricant. PAO SYNTHETIC MATERIAL COMPATIBILITY CHART This table is aids in the selection of elastomers, plastics and paints for use in conjunction with PAO synthetic fluids. Chevron Phillips Chemicals Synfluid mPAO 65, 100 and 150 cSt products have very high viscosity indices and lower pour points than other HV PAO products. The latest news, content and events about our company, initiatives, markets and products. During 2011, Chevron Phillips Chemical acquired PAO assets in Beringen, Belgium, and began mPAO production in Texas. 0 xmp.did:F87F1174072068118083E936383AAE83 The lower volatility of Synfluid PAOs 5, 7 and 9 enhances the benefits for the highest quality lubricant. The tests used below were the Cold Cranking Simulator for high shear (about 10-1 sec-1) and Brookfield viscosity for low shear (about 2 sec-1) each measured at -20C. We believe that it is possible to achieve a passing mark with even lower amounts of PAO, further reducing costs. End-users must first select a lubricant based upon its intended application, such as engine oil, transmission oil, hydraulic oil, wire rope lubricant, electric motor grease, etc. C 20 40 60 20 40 60 80 100 20 40 60 80 100 20 40 60 80 100 120 20 40 60 . Give us a call, and well be happy to discuss our high-quality Synfluid PAOs with you. A solution, developed by Renewable Lubricants Inc. (RLI) with assistance from Chevron Phillips Chemical, is the use of Synfluid PAOs combined with biobased oils and specially designed additives. The superior low-temperature flow characteristics of PAOs ensure faster coating of critical parts in the compressor during startup, minimizing wear. The benefit of a lubricant to the end user is an important question, and the behavior of a base oil is only one of many variables affecting the performance of a finished formulation. PAOs are Newtonian fluids; in other words, their viscosities are fairly independent of shear rate. Since there are no other discernable compounds, Synfluid PAOs are more readily biodegradable and can be used for some food applications. Furthermore, PAOs are H-1 approved for incidental food contact and have good organoleptic properties, which broaden the range of end-use applications for metals. However, moving to lower-viscosity oils is a possibility only if you can maintain a low Noack volatility for emissions control and lubricant stability. Absolutely! While one lot of Group IIIA mineral oil passed this battery of tests, it is quite different from the quality of the other Group III stocks. This Chemical Compatibility Chart is a shorthand tool for describing the suitability of miniature fluidic and pneumatic component materials for use in contact with various chemicals. Understanding this advantage is important for optimizing the performance of todays fluids and improving the life of equipment. 0000000016 00000 n 0000034289 00000 n Fluids are typically subjected to various shear and temperature conditions. '0v^ Ln 1qDP]C[,z[v(u_g.Fh{K>8rI,[GV&mE}^ 9S87PGgT hO"4=]3JVp ZmU[@=ocLV]P *y`# dY'!3!IP0O. <]/Prev 170099>> The trend falls short when comparisons are made between PAOs and mineral oils, based solely on the VI. The lower volatility decreases oil replacement costs by reducing oil consumption. From then on, the company introduced 1-dodecene-based PAOs in 1995, which have grown steadily in popularity. Grease is a solid to semi-fluid lubricant, typically used for difficult to service equipment, such as bearings or suspension systems. When PAO 5 and PAO 7 are compared to equiviscous blends of other PAOs, the volatility advantage can be seen more clearly. 0000161810 00000 n This provides several advantages, one of which can be illustrated by gas chromatography. More specialized polyolefins include polyisobutylene and polymethylpentene. One key advantage PAOs have over mineral oils is a greater ability to dissipate heat. The results indicate that the CSC 980 Tan grease has a running torque of 3.77 N-m versus 10.9 N-m for the same grease with an alternate base oil. These compounds are not discernable in Synfluid PAOs. hb```f``g mBU L4#o0 D Some properties such as Viscosity Index (VI) or C viscosity can approach those of PAOs. %PDF-1.4 % In addition to these advantages, kosher certification for Synfluid PAOs is available upon request. Lowering torque reduces the energy requirements of the equipment and improves grease distribution. Jun 09 Comentarios desactivados en polyalphaolefin compatibility chart. We make the petrochemical solutions found in products of all kinds with purpose, collaboration and care. Adding a PPD will reduce the pour point of a mineral oil, but it still will not achieve the performance of a PAO. These units provide a flow of temperature controlled fluid or Polyalphaolefin liquid. 102 0 obj 0000004079 00000 n Polypropylene Satisfactory to 120 F. 4. Its estimated that over 100 million gallons of fluids leak from hydraulic machinery and other lubricant equipment in North America each year! It is true there are many high-quality base oils around, but the highest quality is still achieved when Synfluid PAOs are chosen. <> The chart below shows the effect of two different shear rate viscosity determinations on three different fluids (4 cSt at 100C) and the dramatic differences between them. The table below shows a comparison of conventional hydraulic oils with the new PAO biobased lubricant from RLI. General properties of water-soluble, water-insoluble, and oil-soluble PAG basestocks are shown in Table 1. But wait, it gets even better! endobj ]-]jW|^X^=E^7J3kgI%_9+v}Fwq{r9 *d(C>~z|7X#o!9lwu{^1se9),7v)mE,wa?t3 a$X{wzVAw}E^:5--_OXY+. <> 0000001726 00000 n 4 0 obj <> endobj Chevron Phillips Chemicals PAO history dates back to December 1980, when the continuous PAO unit at Cedar Bayou, Texas, started up with heritage Gulf Oil, which Chevron Chemical subsequently acquired in 1985. Finally, due to their excellent response to antioxidants, Spectra-Syn Plus PAO can be formulated to resist thermal oxidative attack. PAO-based rotary screw compressor oil offers better performance in the compressor. One example is the advantage PAO has over mineral oil in the area of high-temperature stability. <> The chart below shows specific properties of four of our PAO grades that are well-suited to metalworking applications. PAO fluids are classified as a Group IV base oil and are made by a two-step reaction process using linear alpha-olefins like 1-decene. 0000003107 00000 n The chart below shows the trends in industry specifications regarding low-temperature performance relative to Synfluid PAO. what chemicals to use 165 0 obj endstream endobj 8 0 obj <>stream With Synfluid PAO 4 cSt having a 73C ppt and 40C viscosity of 2,380 cSt, a PPD is not necessary. 0000000016 00000 n Synfluid PAO 5 and PAO 7 also offer several advantages in addition to the volatility, such as low pour point, high viscosity index, improved oxidative stability and excellent low-temperature viscosities. Some claim the Viscosity Index (VI) is the overriding parameter used when choosing a base oil. Because of their controlled structure, PAOs do not contain lighter, more volatile (small) hydrocarbons. To improve seal compatibility of PAO-based lubricants, an ester is added to . Give us a call. What is most interesting, however, is the low-temperature performance: The C10-based PAO 6 has the lowest pour point by over 20C, but the CCS viscosity for the C12-based PAO 5 and 7 blend is better. There are distinct advantages in volatility and low-temperature viscosity. BioPreferred is a registered service mark of the United States Department of Agriculture. Sorry, you need to enable JavaScript to visit this website. 1 - High Resistance 2 - Limited Resistance 3 - No Resistance . 0000033764 00000 n However, unlike foaming, entrained air can be a difficult problem to treat with additives. The grease is then inspected for visual abnormalities and can be tested for penetration and four-ball wear change. John Sherman is Shell Project Lead PAG Lubricant Technology, Industrial Oils and Tech Services; Robert Profilet is Technology Manager, Industrial Lubricants; Warren Cates is Shell Senior Researcher, Industrial Oils and Tech Services; Iris Song is Shell Engineer, Industrial Oils and Tech Services; and Sameer Sathaye is Shell Project Leader Industrial Oils, Industrial Oils and Tech Services. Glad you asked! material chemical compatibility The claims can include anything from red wine, coffee, and tea to fruits and vegetables that help lower cholesterol or blood pressure, decrease the risks of diabetes or cancer, or lead to a longer life. Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of each can help end-users decide which option is best for a given application. These products are acceptable for use as a lubricant (H1) or as a lubricant component (HX-1), with incidental food contact in and around food processing areas. endobj 0000134768 00000 n For other applications, PAOs safe and non-toxic nature allows them to be used where incidental food contact certification or kosher approval is necessary. 178 0 obj 0000139641 00000 n This difference in polarity impacts many lubricant properties including elastomer compatibility, paint solvency, deposit control, and lubrication. Oils made with PAOs demonstrate an inherently high viscosity index and maintain excellent low-temperature performance, compared with mineral oils. PAG basestocks are classified as a Group V oil, meaning a synthetic basestock that is not defined as a Group I, II, III, or IV base oil. Grade Name. With the powerful combination of MOLYKOTE. Therefore, at high temperatures, it is advantageous to utilize a more stable base oil, specifically Synfluid PAO. Certainly! The qualitative chart below describes the impact of each grease component on certain performance characteristics: Clearly, the base oil dominates some grease properties, while the additives or thickener drives others. Refined mineral oils often contain sulfurs, aromatics and other compounds that can erode the quality and consistency of a mineral oil. Therefore, they are commonly blended or combined with organic ester synthetic base oils to provide a blended base oil that does not have these negative characteristics. It is a synthetic hydrocarbon (SHC) that mimics the best hydrocarbon (branched, non-ring) structure found in mineral oils and so corrects for many disadvantages of using mineral oil lubricants, including poor low-temperature fluidity, poor viscosity index, sludge deposits, and high volatility. The chart below shows the gas chromatogram of PAO versus white mineral oil, illustrating the relative enhanced purity of PAO. 0000003482 00000 n Benefits of the new system are a much higher viscosity index (VI), superior pour points and improved low-temperature fluidity, all of which contribute to improved energy efficiency. However, Synfluid PAOs can be formulated to be biodegradable and are well known for standing out from conventional base oils. CHEMICAL RESISTANCE CHART. Synfluid PAOs are crafted from an on-purpose process that yields a consistent, high-quality product. The 2002 U.S. Farm Bill Act mandates government agencies to purchase environmentally safe, biobased (vegetable oil) lubricants. <> Eight standard model Portable Liquid Chillers and ten standard model PAO Carts. 0000001493 00000 n Polyolefins, including poly (ethylene), poly (-olefin), poly (styrene), and poly (dienes), are the most widely-used polymer materials. Polyalphaolefin is by far the most common major synthetic base oil used in industrial and automotive lubricants. / Let us help you. The chart below shows that the PAO has a higher specific heat, which means that the PAO is better at absorbing heat. 0000012542 00000 n The magnitude of these benefits will depend on the particular formulation. Low-viscosity Synfluid PAOs are both NSF H1 and HX-1 registered. In contrast, the Synfluid PAO formulation achieves a pass with as little as 30 percent PAO, the balance being Group I mineral oil. The uniquely beneficial quality of PAOs has been demonstrated in a series of European engine tests. 0000004968 00000 n 0000140275 00000 n If you are using multiple greases, there are certain risks for misapplication, which are minimized with a multi-purpose grease. There are other advantages, such as oxidative and thermal stability, which you would naturally expect from a PAO-based product. Using the same PAO, we achieved 15 percent higher oxidative stability by increasing the A.O. You would expect the viscosity to improve with a lower pour point, but the opposite is true. Chemical Compatibility Guide LDPE is defined by a density range of 0.910-0.940 g/cm3. 0000041967 00000 n Why does this happen? California Transparency in Supply Chains Act Disclosure. endobj H|% `\ml emt8uHJs;7W*"_?~o~O? As shown in the chart below, our PAOs have shown very little fluctuation over the years, with stable viscosities at 100, 40 and -40C even as weve made improvements to characteristics such as oxidative stability. We were the first to offer these materials to the marketplace, and many years of experience with 1-dodecene-based PAOs has helped us to refine the process and deliver very high-quality products. Copyright 2023 Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LLC. There can be many benefits from choosing a high VI base fluid. Since they are fully synthetic, Synfluid PAOs are extremely pure and provide inherent benefits in oxidative stability and viscosity performance at temperature extremes. Use our Chemical Compatibility Chart as guide for evaluating the resistance of polymer and metal materials to a wide range of chemicals found in industrial . Two lubricants with the same VI may perform dramatically differently at low temperatures. 2014-03-26T09:12:59.004-05:00 For instance, excellent water separation improves compressor operability by reducing the chance of emulsion formation. The more EO monomer in the basestock, the more water-soluble; the more PO monomer, the more water-insoluble; and the more BO monomer, the more oil-soluble the basestock is. When you compound this with difficult operating conditions, such as extreme temperatures, high loads or extended operations, a high-quality base oil may be necessary. Although VI is an important indicator, when used alone, VI is misleading. The effects of the shear rate differences are even more exaggerated at low-temperature startup conditions, when the lubricant function is critical for equipment protection. Chemical Compatibility Guide - Galvanized Steel For UltraTech Spill Containment Products This listing was prepared to provide guidance to the chemical compatibility of UltraTech Spill Containment Products which are manufactured and constructed of galvanized steel. www.topworx.com Epoxy Polycarbonate PBT Brass 316 S.S. 304 S.S. 400 S.S. Aluminum Viton Buna N Neoprene EPDM Silicone Ammonium Phosphate, Monobasic A C B B B A A A A A Ammonium Phosphate, Tribasic A B B B B A A A A A Ammonium Sulfate A B B B A A A A A A Ammonium Thiosulfate A A A Amyl Acetate A A A A B A D D . 0000034419 00000 n Changes in low-temperature viscometrics and oxidative stability requirements demand higher-quality base oils. Group V oils also include esters and naphthenic oils. 273 0 obj <> endobj xref 273 24 0000000016 00000 n Initially, it was intended to fill the gap in supply and was found to be exceptionally suitable for applications where extremely low pour points were not necessary. Use of PAG-based fluids and lubricants began to extend to other applications, first to quenchants and textile lubricants, then to many other lubricant categories, including anhydrous fire-resistant fluids, gear, compressor, and turbine fluids. 2 shows the flow chart for producing Cu nanolubricants. Rotary screw compressor oils formulated with PAO offer performance benefits not obtainable with a mineral-oil-based formulation. When unsure of a components precise identity or version, the manufacturer Available on demand until February 16, 2024. However, nothing is perfect, and polyalphaolefin base oils do have a few negative characteristics. Polyalphaolefins offer great high temperature properties and low volatility. 0000161878 00000 n converted Their polymerization can benefit greatly from the development of highly active and highly selective catalysts, as the catalysts strongly affect their properties. Some of the disadvantages of PAO-based lubricants are outlined in Table 6. Low-temperature fluidity and high-temperature thermal and oxidative stability are key factors for choosing a PAO. The viscosity of the base oil is largely irrelevant in relation to the compatibility risks with the thickener. 179 0 obj When you add up the benefits, you may see that one plus one can make more than two. PAOs are used extensively in automotive fluids as well as hydraulic, gear and bearing oils, working in extremely cold climates or hot applications. It is a synthetic hydrocarbon (SHC) that mimics the best hydrocarbon (branched) structure found in mineral oils. Furthermore, the arbitrary distinction of 120 VI between Group II and III oils makes the quality requirements even more confusing. Chemical Compatibility Guide For instance, boosting the additive package with an additional 0.4% aminic antioxidant, in combination with the Synfluid PAO base oil, achieved a 35 percent improvement in HPDSC results. The table below shows how our new Synfluid mPAOs offer significant advantages in pour point and viscosity index over conventional high-viscosity PAOs. Not a subscriber or a registered user yet? PAG-based lubricants are commonly used in compressors, gearboxes, air conditioning systems, metalworking, quenching, and hydraulic systems where fire-resistance or environmental acceptability are required. The degree of the advantage may depend on the specific PAG basestock type used (such as water-soluble, oil-soluble, etc.). Effect of Base Oil Type on Gear Box Temperatures. 0000021835 00000 n Since then, the company has expanded PAO as well as ethylene production, both basic building blocks for many petrochemical processes. These excellent pour points are achieved while increasing the viscosity indices (VI) over traditional HV PAO. xmp.iid:00801174072068118083E936383AAE83 The advantages offered in oxidative stability, coupled with superior volatility and low-temperature viscometrics, clearly demonstrate that Synfluid PAOs are the highest-quality base oils available in the industry. !DOaBADOaB&=&=U!z Reducing the viscosity of engine and drivetrain oils lowers fuel consumption by decreased churning losses and viscous drag. The properties mentioned above are in addition to the normally excellent performance you have come to recognize with PAO. PAO basestocks were developed in the 1930s and used commercially as a base for engine oils starting in the 1970s. The chart below shows the comparison of PAO 4 and PAO 6 blended to the same viscosity as PAO 5, as well as PAO 6 and PAO 8 blended to the same viscosity as PAO 7. Specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature one degree Celsius. This is a recurring situation and is what led to the development of 1-dodecene based Synfluid PAOs in 1995. Weve got you covered! The chart differentiates the blending capabilities of various base oils to meet energy-efficient motor oils. PAG-based lubricants are polar (water-soluble PAG > water-insoluble PAG > oil-soluble PAG), where PAO-based lubricants are essentially non-polar. These include the tendency to shrink seals and trouble dissolving common oil additives. This article will discuss the most common synthetic fluids aiming to help end-users make the right choice for their applications. Were a company with deep-rooted values, and were looking for people like you to join our team. Specifically, soybean-derived oils or other bio-derived oils alone would not meet some oxidative stability and low-temperature performance requirements. PAOs offer exceptionally low volatility due to their controlled formation, which yields carefully designed molecular weights. However, PAGs and PAOs are two totally different chemical types of synthetic base stocks. A similar approach can be applied to your formulations or applications. In drivetrain lubricants, reducing the traction coefficient and lowering viscosity are key ways to increase fuel economy, but lower viscosity must be balanced to provide adequate wear resistance. 0000162168 00000 n Cant find what youre looking for? General properties of low- and high-viscosity conventional PAO, and metallocene-catalyzed mPAO basestocks, are shown in Table 4. Synfluid PAOs have very narrow molecular weight ranges, which are attributed to our high-purity feedstocks. Our sustainability strategy encompasses the concerns and issues identified by our stakeholders and we are committed to addressing these issues. PAG- and PAO-based lubricants rarely compete in industrial applications. High energy costs have hit both businesses and consumers hard, and the pressure is on to conserve. 0000052609 00000 n 0000135615 00000 n To improve seal compatibility of PAO-based lubricants, an ester is added to the formulation to add some polarity. endobj To get a superior lubricant, you need to start with a superior base oil. As the chart below shows, greater energy efficient, lower viscosity oils can be made through the selection of PAO, without sacrificing volatility. 0000016208 00000 n PAOs also resist viscosity increases upon oxidation, which is important in sequence IIIE and VW T4 engine tests. B = Good, Minor Effect, slight corrosion or discoloration C = Fair, Moderate Effect, not recommended for continuous use. application/pdf endobj 0000000416 00000 n Thermal conductivity is the measure of the ability to conduct heat. 0000002995 00000 n in extreme environments and to avoid plastic and elastomer compatibility problems.
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