Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? See Figure 2.4 below. Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. The important thing to understand is that not all behaviors occur due to reinforcement and punishment as operant conditioning says. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: a. social labels and roles. Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a "here and now" orientation, are _____ therapists. Neurotransmitters. Differentiate uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality. a. As noted earlier, the idea of people being machines, called mechanism, was a key feature of behaviorism and other schools of thought in psychology until about the 1960s or 1970s. With which type of schedule would you expect a person to stop responding to immediately if reinforcement is not there? Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: a. schizophrenia. The most common types of antidepressants are SSRIs or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and include Citalopram, Paroxetine, and Fluoxetine (Prozac). 2.2.2. We see this in the case of reflexes. A therapist pays close attention to what their client has to say and then makes an effort to show accurate empathy and sincerity in their responses. A family systems theorist might suggest that Robin comes from a(n) _____ family. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: a. dendrites. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely to be practicing: In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as which of the following? According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: a. the biological differences between men and women. d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. None of the models are complete within themselves. c. gestalt therapy. d. conditions of worth. abnormality, also known as mental disorders, psychiatric diagnoses, or, more broadly, psychopathology. This information is passed to the nervous system due to the process of transduction and through sensory or afferent neurons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system. 100. a. b. social factors leading to stress. As such, we will need to establish a foundation for how communication in the nervous system occurs, what the parts of the nervous system are, what a neuron is and its structure, how neural transmission occurs, and what the parts of the brain are. c. abnormality arises from an interaction between predisposition and stress. d. client-centered therapy. 2.2.3.1. d. displacement. 41. b. self theory. 65. 114. d. Bandura. That is why a person inherits a susceptibility to a mental illness and doesnt necessarily develop the illness. Existential therapy is used to treat substance abuse, excessive anxiety, apathy, alienation, nihilism, avoidance, shame, addiction, despair, depression, guilt, anger, rage, resentment, embitterment, purposelessness, psychosis, and violence. In time, the cause of the persons psychopathology is due to all these individual factors. c. transference. Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: a. point out the clients misconceptions. Does extinction happen as soon as the anticipated reinforcer is removed? 32. If your parents resort to alcohol consumption to deal with stressors life presents, then you also might do the same. In 1895, the book, Studies on Hysteria, was published by Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), and marked the birth of psychoanalysis, though Freud did not use this actual term until a year later. How effective is the sociocultural model at explaining psychopathology and its treatment. Secondary or conditioned reinforcers and punishers are not inherently reinforcing or punishing but must be learned. In this case, extinction continues. Consider the following: In relation to men: While mental illnesses affect both men and women, the prevalence of mental illnesses in men is often lower than women. Still, we must remember that the model is a starting point for the researcher, and due to this, it determines what causes might be investigated at the exclusion of other causes. Finally, does uncertainty always lead to a negative end? c. It is full of abnormal evolutionary principles. During repolarization the neuron will not fire no matter how much stimulation it receives. Rogers stated that the humanistic therapist should be warm, understanding, supportive, respectful, and accepting of his/her clients. Second, the viewpoint that all human behavior is explainable in biological terms, and therefore when issues arise, they can be treated using biological methods, overlooks factors that are not fundamentally biological. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: a. genome mapping is a waste of time. b. 67. Thats all right. a. sociocultural b. biocultural c. psychocultural d. cognitive-cultural. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? a. having the patient engage in activities that elicit anxiety b. prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine c. teaching the patient how to effectively challenge negative thoughts d. encouraging the patient to cultivate relationships with others who have similar anxieties. It went through three major stages behaviorism proper under Watson and lasting from 1913-1930 (discussed as classical/respondent conditioning), neobehaviorism under Skinner and lasting from 1930-1960 (discussed as operant conditioning), and sociobehaviorism under Bandura and Rotter and lasting from 1960-1990 (discussed as social learning theory). Most people who receive couple therapy report no real improvement in their functioning. 2.3.2.5. So, it is better to subscribe to a multi-dimensional model that integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. b. transference. 42. The goal is for the client to examine their own feelings and thoughts with openness and acceptance. In terms of what is being reinforced, we will either reinforce responses or time. You might make the case that some of the side effects are worse than the condition they are treating. b. multicultural. d. propositions. c. cognitive-behavioral therapy. 40. Students also viewed PSY 381 Chapter 2 For mental health professionals, models help us to understand mental illness since diseases such as depression cannot be touched or experienced firsthand. This shows the recent belief that the key to psychological disorders lies in: a. specific brain structures. When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. Again, your schema about front row and back row students is incorrect and causes you to make certain assumptions about these individuals. The procedure is still the most controversial available to mental health professionals due to its effectiveness vs. the side effects, the objectivity of ECT experts, and the recent increase in ECT as a quick and easy solution, instead of long-term psychotherapy or hospitalization (https://www.mhanational.org/ect). Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. If my father seems genuinely happy and pleased with himself after bagging groceries his way, then I will be more likely to adopt this behavior. d. cognitive-behavioral. Which conclusion can be drawn from this finding? Figure 2.10. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the client's family structure, societal norms, and the client's roles in society. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. Participants have similar issues. Eventually, the response brought about by the sympathetic nervous system must end. d. existential, 125. Food, water, temperature, and sex, for instance, are primary reinforcers, while extreme cold or hot or a punch on the arm are inherently punishing. b. anal stage. How does the cognitive model approach psychopathology? A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: how prejudice and discrimination impact women. Nikolais grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? The response re-emerges. Watson believed that the subject matter of psychology was to be observable behavior, and to that end, psychology should focus on the prediction and control of behavior. Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. Armed with this stunning revelation, Pavlov spent the rest of his career investigating the learning phenomenon. 158. d. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. d. free association. d. classical conditioning. The disadvantages should outweigh the advantages and help you to end the struggle and accept what is unknown. A primary focus of the community mental health treatment approach to abnormality is: Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. According to the Genetics Home Reference website as part of NIHs National Library of Medicine, a gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity (https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene). You're likely receiving a message that encourages you to question your own interpretations and the accuracy of those interpretations. She published many short stories; a play called Womens Rights, in which she criticized the economic and sexual exploitation of women; and wrote a book in 1900 called The Jewish Problem in Galicia, in which she blamed the poverty of the Jews of Eastern Europe on their lack of education. 2.3.3.2. This led to a cognitive-behavioral perspective that combines concepts from the behavioral and cognitive models, the latter discussed in the next section. We are more likely to model behaviors by someone who commands our attention. SAD occurs with greater frequency for those living far north or south from the equator (Melrose, 2015). Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: a. instincts, the ego, and the self. Evaluate the usefulness of the cognitive model. d. the way in which the mental health profession is moving. Describe how communication in the nervous system occurs. Second, the response is made, and a reinforcer is delivered. Abnormal psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with psychopathology and abnormal behavior, often in a clinical context. c. humanistic-existential 2.2.1.2. d. damage control. 56. What are some issues facing the biological model? As you might expect, if reinforcement occurs after extinction has started, the behavior will re-emerge. Rogers did try to investigate his propositions scientifically, but most other humanistic-existential psychologists rejected the use of the scientific method. These therapies have proven efficacy for the treatment of depression (Kalibatseva & Leong, 2014) and schizophrenia (Naeem et al., 2015). She relapsed and was admitted to Bellevue Sanatorium on July 1, eventually being released in October of the same year. d. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Discuss the concept of a model and identify those important to understanding psychopathology. For more information on psychotropic medications, please visit: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications/index.shtml. Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? See Figure 2.5 for an overview of Pavlovs classic experiment. 2.3.2.4. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the clients family structure, societal norms, and the clients roles in society. These are the same four discussed under respondent conditioning. Positive means that you are giving something good or bad. He avoids visiting friends with dogs and crosses the street if he sees a person walking a dog coming his way. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral infections were identified as potential causes of mental illness and three treatment options were given. c. alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. Then there is the self-serving bias, which is when we attribute our success to our own efforts (dispositional) and our failures to external causes (situational). b. resistance. This is called the absolute refractory period. Some biological treatments produce significant undesirable effects. c. humanistic-existential Note the plural form of dendrite and the singular form of axon; there are many dendrites but only one axon. a. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has not been able to help her get rid of them. Im here for you. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. In the case of depression, low levels of serotonin are responsible, at least partially. c. Each paradigm is complete in itself. 2.2.2.3. 16. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. a. focused primarily on unconscious thoughts, instincts, and conflict. This should sound much like what you just read about in terms of Thorndikes work. 58. size the different models of abnormality and to avoid oversimplifying the complex nature of human problems. After you perform poorly on the exam, you blame your professor. Outline observational learning/social-learning theory and the work of Bandura. Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? 157. Finally, Freud used dream analysis to understand a persons innermost wishes. Finally, psychoanalytic treatment is expensive and time consuming, and since Freuds time, drug therapies have become more popular and successful. What are the three parts of personality according to Freud? The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. 118. More specifically, cognitive distortions/maladaptive cognitions can take the following forms: 2.3.3.5. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. Their self-concept becomes distorted, now seen as having worth only when these significant others approve, leading to a disharmonious state and psychopathology. Next, help the client stop thinking these thoughts and replace them with more rational ones. 71. Twenty-two of the pairs are the same in both sexes, but the 23rd pair is called the sex chromosome and differs between males and females. Freuds psychosexual stages of personality development are listed below. Step 1 Neurons waiting to fire are said to be in, Step 2 If adequately stimulated, the neuron experiences an, Step 3 Once the action potential passes from one segment of the axon to the next, the previous segment begins to, Step 4 After the neuron fires, it will not fire again no matter how much stimulation it receives. Next, the children are placed in a room with several toys in it. This approach came to be called client-centered therapy. 121. They reflect our unconscious desires and needs. A) The humanistic-existential model B) The family-social perspective C) The cognitive model D) The psychodynamic model B The model of abnormality that focuses on the role of values and choices in behavior is the _____ model. Obviously then, with partial, a response continues being made for a while. It leads us to adopt our parents values as we come to realize that many of the ids impulses are unacceptable. 68. It consists of the brain and spinal cord. d. It is difficult to predict which people who share the same culture will develop a particular disorder. c. children who very seldom fight. The last part of the personality to develop is the superego, which represents societys expectations, moral standards, rules, and represents our conscience. 26. All of the following are leading kinds of biological treatments used today EXCEPT: a. drug therapy. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral. Influential on the development of Skinners operant conditioning, Thorndike (1905) proposed the law of effect or the idea that if our behavior produces a favorable consequence, in the future when the same stimulus is present, we will be more likely to make the response again, expecting the same favorable consequence. They protect the neuron from harmful substances. 28. b. classic Freudian psychotherapy. 128. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. c. helping the client gain insight into his or her unconscious desires and needs. 90. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. Communication in the nervous system. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? b. sociocultural Divorce or the death of a spouse can lead to anxiety disorders. The term for the form of psychotherapy pioneered by Carl Rogers is: a. client-centered. The biological model is generally well respected today but suffers a few key issues. 2.2.2.2. c. it pays too little attention to the role early life experiences. Try figuring out if you genuinely do not have time to go to the gym by recording what you do each day and then look at open times of the day. Mental illness itself occurs from the interaction of multiple genes and other factorssuch as stress, abuse, or a traumatic eventwhich can influence, or trigger, an illness in a person who has an inherited susceptibility to it (https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1). The peripheral nervous system consists of everything outside the brain and spinal cord. 163. Your first semester of college, you have several midterms you need to study for. Rita is seeing a gestalt therapist because she has anxiety about confronting her sister regarding painful interactions from their childhood. But women may experience these illnesses differently certain symptoms may be more common in women than in men, and the course of the illness can be affected by the sex of the individual. d. psychoanalytic therapy. A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. Hence, this phenomenon is called spontaneous recovery. d. fixation. According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: a. enmeshed structure. 35. Please note that we will not cover this process in full, but just the parts relevant to our topic of psychopathology. d. psychodynamic. Module 2: Models of Abnormal Psychology by Washington State University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.
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