In Pakistan Cochard and Dar (2014) found that mountain farmers associated environmental degradation with the reduction of medicinal plant availability. The system of assessment of soil degradation. The carbon-rich macromolecules derived from plants and other organic debris including pectin, lignin, chitin, tannin, cellulose and hemicellulose, all require a vast range of microbes and enzymes to be adequately degraded (Fekete et al., 2014). Black soil is an indicator of a healthy soil, while white and yellow colors represent an eroded soil (Wezel and Haigis, 2000; Chizana et al., 2007; Davies et al., 2010; Adimassu et al., 2013; Teshome et al., 2016). A set of mechanical, agronomical, and biological We're expecting another two and a half to 3 billion people on the planet by 2050, largely in the tropical regions. Less conspicuous, but often even more detrimental to crops is the gradual removal of the topsoil layer (sheet erosion). 9.14) (Montanarella, 2007). Therefore, anticipating and managing future tradeoffs and complementarities between ecosystem services is an important guiding principle of landscape restoration (Reed et al., 2013). Sustainable land use can help to reduce the impacts of agriculture and livestock, preventing soil degradation and erosion and the loss of valuable land to desertification. Impacts of Degradation on Soil Functions of Regulation and/or Support, Table 9.7. More recently, Tarrason et al. Many studies have investigated the implementation of restoration of degraded lands in diverse environments (Muñoz-Rojas et al., 2017; Asefa et al., 2003; Gisladottir and Stocking, 2005; Hu et al., 2016; Khaledian et al., 2016; Wolfgramm et al., 2016; Muñoz-Rojas et al., 2016; Panagos et al., 2016). Put in the nutrients that you need, but not too many nutrients. It is important, however, to be cautious because the use of the vegetation index can also represent shallow soils, rock outcrops, and fields that are no longer being cultivated. It is estimated that each year about 20,000 km2 of productive land will be destroyed by desertification (estimates by the United Nations Environment Programme—UNEP) and that the Sahara desert has advanced, in some stretches, by up to 100 km. It is also an example of the multiple outcomes possible through landscape restoration (Perring et al., 2012). 9.16). So if we lose it, it's gone for decades to centuries and significantly limits the ability to rebuild after these floods or after these drought events. Soil degradation causes include agricultural, industrial, and commercial pollution; loss of arable land due to urban expansion, overgrazing, and unsustainable agricultural practices; and long-term climatic changes. This article is published ahead of the World Day to Combat Desertification, celebrated Jun. A new report by the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change finds that the Earth's soil is degrading at an alarming rate. They are adaptive because the actors of the system self-organize according to the external and internal inputs that are simultaneously determinants and products of the function of the system (Salvati and Zitti, 2008). Therefore, restoring biodiversity within agricultural landscapes is important to improving ecosystem services while sustaining agronomic productivity. Thus, the economic analysis of landscape restoration must consider all co-benefits and tradeoffs. Indicators of soil degradation can be visual, physical, chemical, biological, and integrative (Ribeiro et al., 2009). Soils are a fundamental natural resource, and are the basis for all terrestrial life. Increased erosion, particularly related to strong rains and runoff, causes turbidity with several consequences for lake and reservoir water quality, including: Increased organic matter input (clay particles contain organic matter subject to decay, both during suspension and after sedimentation). These forests or shrub lands that are along the edges of rivers are really important. As we lose forests, we lose the absorptive capacity. In this report, land degradation is defined as a negative trend in land condition, caused by direct or indirect human-induced processes including anthropogenic climate change, expressed as long-term reduction or loss of at least one of the following: biological … Over a quarter of China is also affected by desertification. The first one involves their ability to catalyze a multitude of chemical reactions associated with the degradation of organic matter (Adl, 2016). 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