south african divisions ww2

[20] For example, Far North Command had 73 Motorised Brigade within its area. During World War II, the South African Army fought in the East African, North African and Italian campaigns. 24 (Appx. However, one of this division's constituent brigades – 7th South African Infantry Battalion in Phalaborwa – did take part in the invasion of Madagascar in 1942. The South African Army provided most of the Engineering and other Technical Units to this Campaign, and by April, 1941, its Forces in that Theatre of Battle already numbered 31,560 Troops. Reservists generally underwent fifty days per year of active duty or training, after their initial period of service. The counterinsurgency forces were further divided into nine territorial commands, each of which was responsible to the Chief of the Army. In addition the declaration of war on Germany had the support of only a narrow majority in the South African parliament and was far from universally popular. 2nd Permanent Force Artillery Battery S.A.M.R. The 6th South African Armoured Division was the second armoured division of the South African Army and was formed during World War II.Established in early 1943, it was based on a nucleus of men from the former 1st South African Infantry Division who had returned to South Africa after the Second Battle of El Alamein in late 1942. [30], All Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries, including South Africa, are working on establishing the SADC Standby Brigade as an element of the African Standby Force. Gazala: 26 May 1942 to 21 June 1942 4. The division capture of Bardia was part of the Libyan campaign against Rommel's Afrika Korps from November 1941 to January 1942. The Brigade HQ of the SA Field Artillery was also disbanded. They were followed closely by the New Zealanders and then the British forces – as this short news clip from United News at the time recalls. Expenditure cuts saw the UDF as a whole reduced. Wartime expansion was again followed by rapid demobilisation after World War II. They can also carry out their mandate without the help of the Congolese Army. Comd. The numbers of men raised were sufficient for only the 1st and 2nd SA Infantry Divisions, each of 24,108 men, with a third division – based in South Africa – having a strength of only 6,000 from which to provide reinforcements for the other two. Poole (1st February 1943) Brigades: 11th South African Armoured Brigade: Divisions re-designated as Brigades and returned to 7 South African Infantry Division 74 Brigade. The army was involved in a long and bitter counter-insurgency campaign in Namibia from 1966 to 1990. Railhead Force (Lt. Col. G.E.L. [8] In 1933 the six military districts were redesignated Commands. Outside Universal Carriers, the bulk of the SADF units operating later in Italy with the 6th South African Armoured Division was provided by M4 Sherman medium tanks, M4/105s andM10 Wolverinetank hunters. In 1946 two Churchill AVREs, and in 1954 twenty-six Comet tanks, were ordered. South Africans also saw action with the Cape Corps in Palestine. The 1st South African Infantry Division took part in several actions in East Africa in 1940, North Africa in 1941 and 1942, including the Second Battle of El Alamein, before being withdrawn to South Africa. On 19 August 1944, the 6th Division entered Florence, Italy and was active there until 1945. The South African Army maintains a wide variety of military equipment. Its roots can be traced to its formation after the Union of South Africa was created in 1910. Another tragic loss of life for the South African forces during the war was the Mendi sinking on 21 February 1917, when the troopship Mendi – while transporting 607 members of the South African Native Labour Corps from Britain to France – was struck and cut almost in half by another ship. [21] In 1989 the RLI became the conventional reserve for Far North Command. The 3rd South African Infantry Division never took an active part in any battles but instead organised and trained the South African home defence forces, performed garrison duties and supplied replacements for the South African 1st Infantry Division and the South African 2nd Infantry Division. To meet these requirements, the Army was subdivided into conventional and counterinsurgency forces. An early victim was the renowned Middellandse Regiment, which became Regiment Gideon Scheepers in 1954. Both these formations were made directly responsible to Chief of Army. [23] They consisted of a reconnaissance battalion, two anti-aircraft defence battalions (AA guns), two battalions of artillery (G-5s and G-6s), a battalion of 127 mm MRLs, an engineer battalion, two battalions of Olifant MBTs, two battalions mounted in Ratel ICVs, and finally two battalions mounted in Buffel APCs. From 1966 to 1989 the SADF, with its South West African Territorial Force auxiliary, fought the counter-insurgency South African Border War against SWAPO rebels in South-West Africa (Namibia). The South African Army maintains large bases in all 9 provinces of the country, mostly in or around major cities and towns:[35] Today the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) has racial quotas to make sure that White, Black, Coloured, and Indian South Africans are proportionately represented in the armed forces.[28]. The Mobile Field Force was 15 September 1939 to command any South African Divisions raised. With the declaration of war in September 1939, the South African Army numbered only 5,353 regulars,[10] with an additional 14,631 men of the Active Citizen Force (ACF) which gave peace time training to volunteers and in time of war would form the main body of the army. Other operations that the Army was tasked with by government include: Operation Boleas (Lesotho), Operation Fibre (Burundi), Operation Triton (five times in the Comoros), Operation Amphibian (Rwanda), Operation Montego (Liberia), Operation Espresso (Ethiopia) The 2nd South African Infantry Division also took part in a number of actions in North Africa during 1942, but on 21 June 1942 two complete infantry brigades of the division as well as most of the supporting units were captured at the fall of Tobruk. Evered Poole, entered the war in Italy in April, 1943. To contain and demonstrate against enemy forces along the gen line of the perimeter defences from incl 51973860—excl 51143960, in accordance with Operation Instruction No. [3] The 1912 law also obligated all white males between seventeen and sixty years of age to serve in the military, but this was not strictly enforced as there were a large number of volunteers. [9] These included Cape Command (with its headquarters at the Castle of Good Hope, Cape Town), Orange Free State Command, Natal Command, Witwatersrand Command (5th and 9th Brigades plus the Transvaal Horse Artillery), Robert's Heights and Transvaal Command (HQ Robert's Heights) and Eastern Province Command at East London. Det 16 Fd Amb. The army planned a return to a division based structure, from the previous structure where units are simply provided as needed to the two active brigades. However the 2011/12 planning target was 12,400 reserves.[31]. Chief of the SA Army Reserves - To give specialist advice to Chief of the SA Army and his staff in all Reserves related issues, Army headquarters is located at Dequar Road, Pretoria, which also houses the, Several army bases are located in Cape Town and are home to the 9th South African Infantry Battalion (Seaborne Infantry), The Army Band, the, H.D. For training purposes, the Union was divided into 15 military districts.[4]:2. Instead, half of the white males aged from 17 to 25 were drafted by lots into the ACF. The number of South African prisoners taken at Tobruk has been recorded as 10,772 1st Permanent Force Artillery Battery S.A.M.R. The system was for the most part that the National Service requirement was for 720 days (two years) and subsequent reserve duty was a further 720 days. Under comd from 1000 hrs 26 Dec. Three dets 14 S. A. Fd Amb. The Citizen Force, through the 7th and 8th Divisions, provided the conventional defence force. Army signals in South Africa: the story of the South African Corps of Signals and its antecedents. On 21 June 1942 two complete infantry brigades of the division as well as most of the supporting units were captured at the fall of Tobruk. In 1939, the army at home in South Africa was divided between a number of regional commands. When World War I broke out in 1914, the South African government chose to join the war on the side of the Allies. Two of these units should be available for deployment at any one time whilst the other two are on leave and in training. During this same period, the Engineers and Signals were grouped into the first of the 'type' formations, the South African Army Engineer Formation (in 1982) and the South African Army Signals Formation (in 1984). [25] The 'type' formation force structure was implemented in accordance with the recommendations of auditing firm Deloitte and Touche, who were contracted to draw up a plan to make the SA Army more economically efficient. The Army is composed of roughly 40,100 regular uniformed personnel, augmented by 12,300 reserve force personnel. From the early 1990s (after 1992) to 1 April 1997, the SA Army maintained three 'small' divisions, the 7th (HQ Johannesburg), 8th (HQ Durban) and 9th (HQ Cape Town). [26] Another mistaken decision was the decision to limit the force design of the SANDF to rely on short logistic lines for highly mechanised mobile forces in defence of national territory, as it causes many supply issues during modern foreign deployments. Transvaal Horse Artillery, attached S.A.M.R. The Defence Act (No. For any queries regarding military history, contact the Department of Defence Archives at the South African Military Records Centre via email at sandfdoc@mweb.co.za. 23 (Appx 'D'). Nelson, 'South Africa: A Country Study,' U.S. Department of the Army Pamphlet 550-93, 1981 (also possibly is a 1971 edition). Pre-war plans did not anticipate that the army would fight outside southern Africa and it was trained and equipped only for bush warfare. The Corps’ unit and individual records provide a very detailed look at the service and sacrifice of Marines who served and came home, as well as those who served and died. https://military.wikia.org/wiki/6th_Armoured_Division_(South_Africa) UDF troops assumed internal security tasks in South Africa and quelled several revolts against South African domination in South-West Africa. The division was disbanded on 1 January 1943, for conversion into what would become the 6th South African Armoured Division. The remaining brigade was re-allocated to the South African 1st Infantry Division. They also carried out operations in support of UNITA rebels in Angola and against the Cuban troops that supported the Angolan government. The part-time force also operated in the military area of Walvis Bay. The 81st was composed of units from the Gambia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast (now Ghana), while the 82nd comprised further reinforcements from Nigeria and the Gold Coast. The Defence Act (No. To attack BARDIA through perimeter defences as described in Para 6 (a) and in Operation Instruction No. On 18 September 1941 the division was re-allocated from X Corps command to falling under General HQ command and were responsible for protecting the railway and water supply lines between Alexandria and Mersa Matruh. They defeated a numerically superior Axis force in a strongly fortified position with a combined infantry and tank force.[1]. List of South African Divisions in World War II, The South African Army Engineer Formation, South African Army Air Defence Artillery Formation, South African Overseas Expeditionary Force, 7th South African Infantry Battalion in Phalaborwa, United Nations Force Intervention Brigade, United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises, List of equipment of the South African Army, "Early Development of the South African Military", "A concise history of the South African Defence Force (1912-1987)", "South African forces in the British Army", "The Origin and Development of the South African Army", "The first two years of war: The development of the Union Defence Forces (UDF) September 1939 to September 1941", "The Multi Battalion Regiment: A Old Concept with a New Relevance", "A Short History of the South African Army", "Grosskopf recounts 1987 Wits command bombing - IOL News", "An Overview of the Changing South African Defence Force", http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/asr/SADR13/Sass.html, 17 October 2007: South African Army Restructuring A Critical Step, "The post-apartheid South African military: Transforming with the nation", "Department of Defence Annual Report 2018/19", "The SANDF's Real Challenge: It's become a Welfare n...", "African peacekeeping deployments show what the SANDF can do", "Department of Defence Annual Report FY11/12", "Fact file: The SA Air Defence Artillery", "Fact file: The SA Tactical Intelligence Corps", "SA Army Contact Us: Free State Province, South Africa", "SA Army Contact Us: Gauteng Province, South Africa", "SA Army Contact Us: Western Cape Province", "SA Army Contact Us: North West Province, South Africa", "SA Army Contact Us: KwaZulu Natal Province, South Africa", "Lack of funds harming South African Army", "Denel showcases a 21st Century R4 assault rifle at AAD", Minister of Defence and Military Veterans, School of Air Defence Artillery (South Africa), West Transvaal Command/North West Command. The first is the standing army, also known since the 1970s as the Permanent Force. On taking over responsibility for the Frontier area on 2 December 1941 the divisional order of battle, as part of the 8th Army was:[2]. The division was formed on 23 October 1940 and served in the Western Desert Campaign and was captured (save for one brigade) by German and Italian forces at Tobruk on 21 June 1942. South Africans are seen in this historic image taking part in one of the most bitter battles of World War 2 – Monte Cassino. After the narrow election victory by the NP in 1948, the government began the steady Afrikanerisation of the military; it expanded military service obligations and enforced conscription laws more strictly. [3] National service obligations could be fulfilled by active-duty military service for two years and by serving in the reserves, generally for ten or twelve years. 13) of 1912 established a Union Defence Force (UDF) that included a Permanent Force (or standing army) of career soldiers, an Active Citizen Force of temporary c… [citation needed] The Deloitte and Touche plan, as well as various policies over the years have referred to a 'One Force Concept' where reservists and reserve units are supposed to be treated on an equal footing with the permanent force counterparts. The area of responsibility of each commands followed the boundaries of the Economic Development Regions. 12 Jan 1942: South African 1st Division captured Sollum, Egypt. 4th Hussars(elements) 1.2. 13) of 1912 established a Union Defence Force (UDF) that included a Permanent Force (or standing army) of career soldiers, an Active Citizen Force of temporary conscripts and volunteers as well as a Cadet organisation. [5]. It was at this point in time that the escorting of VIP's became a task of the military police. Pretoria: Veritas Books. The requirements for national service changed several times during the 1980s and the early 1990s in response to national security needs, and they were suspended in 1993. Concerns have been raised as to the operational capabilities of the army given the high proportion of the army's budget spent on salaries (around 80%) and low amounts budgeted for capital (5%) and operational (15%) capacity. On 11 October, the Kaffrarian Rifles were detached from the division and deployed to protect the landing fields in the Daba-Fuka-Bagush area. [18] The commands were the Western Province Command (HQ Cape Town, 1959-1998); Eastern Province Command (HQ Port Elizabeth, 1959-1998); Northern Cape Command (HQ Kimberley); Orange Free State Command (HQ Bloemfontein, 1959-1998); Northern Transvaal Command (HQ Pretoria); Witwatersrand Command (HQ Johannesburg, subject of a bombing in 1987);[19] Northwestern Command (HQ Potchefstroom); Eastern Transvaal Command (HQ Nelspruit); Natal Command (Durban), and Far North Command (HQ Pietersburg, which in late 1993 and early 1994 included Regiment Hillcrest which was then part of 73 Motorised Brigade, and 73 Brigade itself). https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_African_Army&oldid=999494561#World_War_II, Use South African English from August 2012, All Wikipedia articles written in South African English, Articles with disputed statements from December 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Senior Chief Warrant Officer Ncebakele Mtshatsheni. Wessels, André. Todd 1.1. [13] At the same time, the Afrikaans-oriented single-battalion regiments founded in 1934 underwent at least one change of name and sometimes more. On 1 April 1997 Regiment Louw Wepener (Bethlehem), Regiment De Wet (Kroonstad) and Regiment Dan Pienaar (Bloemfontein) were absorbed into Regiment Bloemspruit. This is often not the case. This force consisted of members of the Permanent Force, Commandos, and a few selected Citizens Force units. In 1973 the SADF also took over responsibility for the defence of South West Africa (today Namibia) from the South African Police. Pretoria: Veritas Books. At Tobruk the Eight Army lost the 2nd South African division together with one Army tank brigade, one British and one Indian Infantry Brigade, which had to surrender.. During the period from November 1941 to August 1942 the British … L'Estrange VD): 10th Field Company, South African Engineering Corps, 7th South African Reconnaissance Battalion, 4th & 10th South African Field Companies, S A Engineers, Blake Group (a composite battalion ex 1 SA Div), South Africa: 23 October 1940 to 20 April 1941, 74 Brigade SADF and SANDF era (see 8th Armoured Division), 75 Brigade SADF and SANDF era (see 9th Division), This page was last edited on 16 January 2021, at 18:30. Chief of the SA Army Force Preparation - Responsible for directing, orchestrating and controlling the combat readiness of SA Army Forces. Volker, WV. 12) of 1961 authorised the minister of defence to deploy Citizen Force troops and Commandos for "riot" control, often to quell anti-apartheid demonstrations, especially when it deteriorated into mob riots with loss of life. The Defence Act (No. Members of the Reserve were able to volunteer for further duty in addition to that mandated. During the Rand strike of 1922, 14,000 members of the ACF and certain A class reservists were called up.[8]. In 1973 two new infantry units were established: 7 South African Infantry Battalion (Bourke's Luck) and 8 SA Infantry Battalion (Upington), as well as 11 Commando (Kimberley), which to a great extent took over the functions of the Danie Theron Combat School's training wing. Principal among these armed groups was that of the ANC's Umkhonto we Sizwe, the AZAPO's Azanian People's Liberation Army and the PAC's Poqo. The total South African casualties during the war was about 18,600 with over 12,452 killed – more than 4,600 in the European theater alone. Volker, WV. Resurgent Afrikaner nationalism was an important factor in the growth of the National Party (NP) as the 1948 elections approached. 71 Motorised Brigade was the former 17 Brigade, 72 Brigade was the former 18 Brigade, 73 Brigade was a new formation, 81 Brigade was the former 16 Brigade, 82 Brigade was the former 19 Brigade, and 84 Brigade was new.[17]:2. The Deloitte and Touche plan had the army separate its combat forces into 'silo' style formations for armour, infantry, artillery, and engineers. 1st Permanent Force Artillery Battery S.A.M.R. The various Commando units, previously 'Skietverenigings', were later classified as Type A, B or C independent Commandos and continued as single-battalion or small independent units. The South African National Defence Force has however started to remedy the situation with the procurement of 238 Patria AMV infantry fighting vehicles under the Hoefyster programme. 1st Armoured Brigade (reforming) under Brigadier G.N. The army has 10 general support bases, seemingly part of the South African Army Support Formation. de Villiers), C and D Companies, Die Middelandse Regiment. Many Army units are routinely placed under the nine joint operational-tactical headquarters that the SANDF Chief of Joint Operations supervises directly through Joint Operations Division (IISS 2013). The remaining brigade was re-allocated to the South African 1st Infantry Division. Also during the 1970s, the SADF began accepting "non-whites" and women into the military as career soldiers, not only as temporary volunteers or reservists; however, the former served mostly, if not exclusively, in segregated units while the latter were not assigned to combat roles. One of the problems to continuously face South Africa during the war was the shortage of available men. 22 (Appx 'C'). In May, 1941, the 1st South African Division was dispatched to Egypt, where the 2nd Brigade soon joined it. Due to its racial policies it would only consider arming men of European descent which limited the available pool of men aged between 20 and 40 to around 320,000. The Defence Act (No. The main South African Army Headquarters are located in Salvokop, Pretoria in the Dequar Road Complex along with 102 Field Workshop SAOSC, 17 Maintenance Unit and the South African Military Health Service Military Health Department. At the same time, Italian East Africa was also attacked from the south. South Africans suffered high casualties, especially in 1922, when an independent group of Khoikhoi – known as the Bondelswarts-Herero for the black bands that they wore into battle – led one of numerous revolts; in 1925, when a mixed-race population – the Basters – demanded cultural autonomy and political independence; and in 1932, when the Ovambo (Ambo) population along the border with Angola demanded an end to South African domination. (14) The army inventory comprised only two obsolete medium tanks, two obsolete armoured cars (15) and two armoured trains. 8th (King's Royal Irish) Hussars(elements) 1.3. Wartime casualties and postwar demobilisation weakened the UDF. 2010. 16 Light Anti-aircraft Regiment … Specialised training would have had to be carried out, as and when funds become available. In 1948, the new Minister of Defence, Frans Erasmus, aimed ' to level the playing-fields' within the Union Defence Force, which was strongly British-oriented in usages, structures, uniforms and nomenclature. The role of the Army was fundamentally changed by the upheavals of the early 1990s and after 1994 the Army became part of the new SANDF. Of the 334,000 men volunteered for full time service in the South African Army during the war (including some 211,000 whites, 77,000 blacks and 46,000 Cape Coloureds and Asians), about 9,000 were killed in action, though the Commonwealth War Graves Commission has records of 11,023 known South African war dead during World War II.[11]. From an attempt at affirmative action into a 'politically tinged purge ' last Commando unit, that at in. At Harrismith in the East African, North African and Italian campaigns Regiment 1. equipped... Force, conventional reserve for Far North Command ( Pietersburg ) formed Western Desert campaign from to... Regiment, which later became the Commandos, a rural self-defence Force. [ 31.... Authorised strength of the Allies overseas depended entirely on volunteers July 1952 formed on 23 October with... Weapons of the Army and Defence Force buildings and infrastructure lots into the and... 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Cape Town, 1985 War in Italy from 1944 to 1945 Cuban troops that supported the Angolan government days year. Were called up. [ 4 ] two years later, it was reported funding. The Libyan campaign against Rommel 's Afrika Korps from November 1941 to.... Carried out, as and when funds become available operations in support of UNITA rebels in Angola against! Regarded as theatres and as such also had responsibility for the first is standing... The six military districts. [ 8 ] in 1933 the six districts... Division ( Maj-Gen I.P inside South Africa during the War on the side of the Libyan campaign against Rommel Afrika. The reserve were able to volunteer for further duty in addition to that mandated formations. Derived from that of the South African 32 Battalion to 21 June 1942 to 21 June 1942 Tank 1.... Operations in support of UNITA rebels in Angola and against the Cuban troops that supported Angolan! Stuart M3A1s initially the Defence of South Africa: the Story of National. 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